Plant Anatomy 2006-2007

Basic plant anatomy 1 root root tip root hairs

1 Roots Roots anchor plant in soil, absorb minerals & water, & store food fibrous roots (1) mat of thin roots that spread out monocots tap roots (2) 1 large vertical root also produces many small lateral, or branch roots dicots root hairs (3) increase absorptive surface area 2 3

Stem shoot (stem) Support plant transport water through xylem transport nutrients through phloem a celery stalk soaked in food coloring will absorb the food coloring, you can see the xylem Two types of stems: herbacious and woody

stolons (strawberries) Modified shoots stolons (strawberries) rhizome (ginger) tuber (potato) bulb (onion)

Basic plant anatomy 3 root shoot (stem) leaves root tip root hairs nodes internodes buds terminal or apical buds axillary buds flower buds & flowers leaves mesophyll tissue veins (vascular bundles)

Leaves Function of leaves simple vs. compound photosynthesis energy production CHO production gas exchange (stomata) Transpiration Cuticle: waxy covering of leaf that prevents water loss simple vs. compound

colored leaves (poinsetta) Modified leaves tendrils (peas) spines (cacti) succulent leaves colored leaves (poinsetta)

Flower Reproductive organ of the plant Flowers are usually both male and female The male part of the flower is the STAMEN The female part of the flower is the PISTIL See your Flower Book for more detail on flower anatomy

Parts of the Flower The receptacle (B) is the part of the branch on which a flower forms. Sepals (C) are leaf like structures that surround and protect the flower before it blooms Petals (D) are the colorful part of the flower that attracts insects and even other small animals, such as mice, birds, and bats.

Parts of the Flower The flower has both male and female reproductive parts. The female reproductive structures are called carpels the carpels are fused together to form a pistil The pistil (P) has three parts: 1. stigma (J) at the top is often sticky and is where the pollen attaches. 2. Style (K) is the long tube that attaches the stigma to the ovary. 3. The ovules (O), or eggs, are stored in the ovary (L) until they are fertilized.

Parts of the Flower The flower has both male and female reproductive parts. The male reproductive structures are called the stamens. Each stamen (H) consists of an anther (A), which produces pollen, and a filament (F), which supports the anther. Pollen produced by the anther is carried by insects or other animals to the pistil of another flower where it may fertilize the eggs.

Plant Reproduction Plant Reproduction Sexual reproduction in plants occurs when the pollen from an anther is transferred to the stigma. Plants can fertilize themselves: called self-fertilization. Self-fertilization occurs when the pollen from an anther fertilizes the eggs on the same flower. Cross-fertilization occurs when the pollen is transferred to the stigma of an entirely different plant. When the ovules are fertilized, they will develop into seeds. The petals of the flower fall off leaving only the ovary behind, which will develop into a fruit. There are many different kinds of fruits, including apples and oranges and peaches. A fruit is any structure that encloses and protects a seed, so fruits are also "helicopters" and acorns, and bean pods. When you eat a fruit, you are actually eating the ovary of the flower.

Critical Parts of a Seed B C The technical word for seed leaf is cotyledon (A): you can find it on the coloring sheet; it is the first leaf to emerge from a developing seed. The seed consists of the outside seed coat (B) and a large area called the endosperm (C) which functions as a source of reserve materials and food for the developing embryo. As germination occurs, the endosperm will be broken down and used by the plant.