An introduction to infectious diseases epidemiology

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Presentation transcript:

An introduction to infectious diseases epidemiology Jon Otter, PhD FRCPath Imperial College London j.otter@imperial.ac.uk @jonotter Blog: www.ReflectionsIPC.com Slides: www.jonotter.net

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another (World Health Organisation)

Healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) Tropical diseases MRSA C. difficile CPE Tropical diseases Zika Dengue Worms Vaccine-preventable Smallpox Measles Mumps Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Chlamydia Gonorrhoea HPV HIV

Vaccines Antibiotics & HCAI* Crapsules Applied research Disease Detectives ID** epi needs you * HCAI = Healthcare-associated infection. ** ID = infectious diseases.

Vaccines Antibiotics & HCAI* Crapsules Applied research Disease Detectives ID** epi needs you * HCAI = Healthcare-associated infection. ** ID = infectious diseases.

Vaccines Antibiotics & HCAI* Crapsules Applied research Disease Detectives ID** epi needs you * HCAI = Healthcare-associated infection. ** ID = infectious diseases.

MRSA infection

Vaccines Antibiotics & HCAI* Crapsules Applied research Disease Detectives ID** epi needs you * HCAI = Healthcare-associated infection. ** ID = infectious diseases.

Clostridium difficile infection Recurrence rate 15-35%

Faecal microbiota transplant for recurrent CDI Patients with recurrent CDI randomised to FMT (n=16), vancomycin (n=12) or vancomycin + bowel lavage (n=13) van Nood et al. N Engl J Med 2013;368:407-415.

Recurrent CDI is just the start… Disease group Diseases Intestinal Recurrent CDI, Chron’s disease, ulcerative colitis, IBS, dislodging antibiotic resistant bacteria Metabolic Metabolic syndrome, obesity, Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic liver diseases Neuropsychiatric Parkinson’s, MS, myoclonus dystonia, autism, chronic fatigue syndrome Autoimmune Arthritis, various other Allergic Atopy, asthma, various cancers Xu et al. World J Gasteroenterol 2015;21:102-111.

Vaccines Antibiotics & HCAI* Crapsules Applied research Disease Detectives ID** epi needs you * HCAI = Healthcare-associated infection. ** ID = infectious diseases.

CPE outbreak; total number of cases 8 cases first identified by clinical culture, 32 by screening culture; of these 32, 14 had a subsequent positive clinical culture Otter et al. Sci Rep 2017;7:12711.

Cost of an outbreak - results Economic evaluation of a 40 case outbreak of CPE. Error bars represent range Otter et al. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017;23:188-196.

Vaccines Antibiotics & HCAI* Crapsules Applied research Disease Detectives ID** epi needs you * HCAI = Healthcare-associated infection. ** ID = infectious diseases.

Vaccines Antibiotics & HCAI* Crapsules Applied research Disease Detectives ID** epi needs you * HCAI = Healthcare-associated infection. ** ID = infectious diseases.

Clinical Academic Other Routes into infectious disease epidemiology Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy, Clinical Scientist Academic Microbiology, Maths, Public Health, IT/Data Science Other Laboratory science, chemistry

Resources Link Description BBC Bitesize Seeing the unseen bacteria on hands CDC Zombie Preparedness Educational epi games and resources CDC Epidemic Intelligence Service Where “Disease Detectives” are made in America e-Bug Educational resources for HCAI and AMR aimed at school children ECDC Disease Atlas European data on HCAI indicators and AMR ICL HCAI & AMR school resources Resources for school activities from Imperial College London Institute of Biomedical Sciences The professional body for biomedical scientists and support staff. PHE AMR Fingertips portal English data on HCAI indicators PHE infectious diseases index Alphabetical index of infectious diseases PHE Field Epidemiology Service Where “Disease Detectives” are make in the UK Reflections on IPC blog Weekly (ish) blog on applied HCAI and AMR epidemiology Vomiting Larry This ‘friendly’ mannequin shows us what happens when we puke… WHO infectious diseases pages Information about infectious diseases from the WHO

An introduction to infectious diseases epidemiology Jon Otter, PhD FRCPath Imperial College London j.otter@imperial.ac.uk @jonotter Blog: www.ReflectionsIPC.com Slides: www.jonotter.net