The Cold War 1945-1991

Terms Cold War Containment/Truman Doctrine Covert Activities Contest between US and USSR for global domination that lasted from 1946 to 1991 Containment/Truman Doctrine Policy of US to use money to keep the USSR from expanding Covert Activities Secret operations in another country Spies

Terms Limited War MAD Marshall Plan Not using nuclear weapons Fought only with limited goals in mind MAD Mutually Assured Destruction Marshall Plan US plan to rebuild Europe economically after WW2

Terms Iron Curtain NATO Warsaw Pact Soviet dominated nations of Eastern Europe NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Main alliance after WW2 to combat Soviet expansion Warsaw Pact Alliance founded in response to NATO

The Cold War Began after WW2 USSR wanted to expand communism Also wanted to establish a security barrier in Eastern Europe Had been invaded twice by Germany in 25 years Millions of casualties Set up communist dictatorships in Eastern Europe by 1947

President Truman Became president in 1945 Created policy of containment Goal was to help countries all over the world to fight off communism Used US money and power for this

Tools of Containment Foreign Aid Security Treaties Gave food, education, and weapons to countries Security Treaties US created a worldwide network of alliances to counter the USSR Stationed troops all over the world

Tools of Containment Covert Activities Armed Force MAD CIA (US), MI6 (Britain), KGB (USSR) Spied on each other Armed Force US troops fought wars against communist in various nations MAD Massive nuclear retaliation

Tools of Containment Limited War US fight several limited wars for containment Korean War 1950-53 South Korea attacked by North Korea US sent troops to aid S. Korea 36,000 killed Vietnam War 1945-75 Longest war of the 20th century US misread actual events War of Vietnamese Independence Three Main Phases 1945-54: War of Independence against the French Defeated at Dien Bien Phu Paris Peace Accords 1957-64 US involvement: 1964-75

Persian Gulf War 1991 Fought to contain Iraqi expansion in Kuwait 55,000 US troops killed Started after WW2 Vietnamese fought against French colonialism 1957-64 Election: US feared Ho Chi Minh would win North launches guerilla war against the South US involvement: 1964-75 Growing anti-war movement in US Tet Offensive: 1968 South Vietnam fell to communists in 1975 Persian Gulf War 1991 Fought to contain Iraqi expansion in Kuwait

Major Events of Cold War Potsdam Conference July 1945, Germany US, Britain, USSR Germany should remain a single country Germany must demilitarize NAZI Party outlawed Germany should be a democracy War criminals should be prosecuted Soviets later made area they controlled a separate country

Occupation Zones of Germany Occupation Zones: British, French, US, USSR Berlin divided into 4 areas 100 miles inside Soviet zone

Germany Divided Germany divided into 4 occupation zones Area controlled by USSR, along with areas of eastern Europe, were turned into communist dictatorships by 1948 Berlin occupied by all 4 powers US, USSR, Britain, France

Marshall Plan Created by 1948 to rebuild western Europe US pumped $13 Billion into Europe to rebuild industry and agriculture Soviets created COMECON to do the same in areas they controlled Did not succeed, was not funded

Berlin Crisis Berlin occupied by all 4 powers, but 100 miles inside Soviet zone 1948: Soviets decide to blockade the city in order to get control of it Berlin Airlift June 1948 through May 1949 US completely supplied the city by air Nearly led to war

Berlin Airlift

The United Nations

Goal: World Peace An international peacekeeping organization, the United Nations (UN), came into existence in 1945 with 51 original members Located in New York City

History Based on League of Nations Founded 1919 Goal was to end war United States did not join League was a failure Result was WW2

Founding Founded in 1945 First met in San Francisco US, Great Britain, France, USSR, China Goal was to end war 51 nations joined by the end of the year

Structure of UN

General Assembly 192 members Each nation sends 5 delegates, but only gets 1 vote Issues are decided by a majority vote One regular session each year Meets in NYC

United Nations General Assembly · Member nations are a part of the General Assembly. United Nations General Assembly

Security Council Goal is to maintain world peace Has 15 members 5 permanent members US, Britain, Russia, China, France May veto any action 10 rotating, non-permanent members Serve 2 year terms Sends out “peacekeepers” Voluntary contributions of soldiers by members UN You Tube Channel

Great Britain China Russia France United States U.N. - U.N.Web Page

Flag of the United Nations

Secretariat Runs daily business of UN Headed by the Secretary General Antonio Guterres Appointed for 5 year term Runs peacekeeping operations throughout the world

United Nations Secretary General António Guterres

Indian soldiers, Lebanon, 2006

Chinese soldier, Haiti, 2006

UN soldiers from Ghana patrol in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, 2006

Other Branches Economic and Social Council Trusteeship Council Advances human rights, education, and health care Trusteeship Council Runs “trust” territories Areas being prepared for independence

Other Branches International Court of Justice Located in The Hauge, Netherlands Made up of 15 judges Serve for 9 years Tries legal cases between nations Voluntary