Nervous Systems

Nervous Systems

Neurons

Neural Signals Action Potential vs. Resting Potential * Membrane Potential Sodium-Potassium Pump

Threshold Potential

Resting State (1) * Both sodium and potassium activation gates are closed Interior of cell is negative

Depolarization State (2) * Sodium activation gates are opened on some channels Interior of cell becomes more positive

Rising Phase of Action Potential (3) * Most sodium activation gates are opened Potassium activation gates are still closed

Falling Phase of Action Potential (4) * Inactivation gates on sodium channels are closes Activation gates on potassium channels are opened interior of cell becomes more negative

Undershoot (5) Sodium channels are closed * Sodium channels are closed Potassium channels are closing Membrane returns to its resting state

Propagation of the Action Potential Localized event First action potential’s depolarization sets off second action potential Travels in one direction due to ____________ period refractory

Chemical Synapse Lab starts at 9:45 and 3pm unless something happens to me. I won’t repeat. Be there and stay. Thursday is your last day… no office hours next week.

Neurotransmitters High (Schizophrenia) Low (Parkinson’s) Runner’s High – inhibit GABA, increase Dopamine Sleep, Mood, Learning Aggression, Serial Killers Low Levels Depression

Postsynaptic Potentials IPSP – Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potentials EPSP – Excitatory Post-Synaptic Potentials

Postsynaptic Potentials Subthreshold doesn’t reach threshold __________ Summation two signals do not reach threshold level but occur close enough to set off action potential two signals are set off at the same time setting off an action potential Spatial Summation with an inhibitor Temporal Spatial

Vertebrate Nervous System

Vertebrate Brains

Peripheral Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic ____________ Nervous System regulates the internal environment (usually involuntary) ____________ Nervous System regulates the external environment (usually voluntary) Somatic

Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Division Flight or fight response Parasympathetic Division Rest or digest response

Autonomic Nervous System KNOW THIS CHART! Autonomic Nervous System *

Brain

The Brainstem * The Medulla Oblongata and the Pons controls breathing, heart rate, digestion The Cerebellum controls coordination of movement and balance (not really part of the brain stem)

The Midbrain * The Midbrain receives, integrates, and projects sensory information to the forebrain

The Diencepholon Hypothalamus Forebrain Epithalamus * Forebrain Epithalamus Includes the pineal gland and the choroid plexus Thalamus conducts information to specific areas of cerebrum _____________ produces hormones and regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sexual response, circadian rhythms Hypothalamus

The Telencepholon Cerebrum with cortex and corpus callosum * Cerebrum with cortex and corpus callosum higher thinking

Cerebrum (KNOW THIS FIG!)

Cerebrum

Memory Short Term Long Term Done in the frontal lobe Frontal lobes interact with the __________ and the ___________ to consolidate Hippocampus Amygdala

Nutritional Requirements Undernourished not enough calories Overnourished too many calories ____________ missing one or more essential nutrients Malnourished

Essential Nutrients Essential Amino Acids Essential Fatty Acids Essential Vitamins Essential Minerals

Essential Amino Acids Found in proteins 20 different types 8 essential in adult humans (9 infants) all in animal proteins vegetarians need to eat grains and beans

Histidine __________ – Essential in infants

Essential Fatty Acids Unsaturated fatty acids used to make phospholipids for membranes

Essential Vitamins Fat Soluble Water Soluble D, A, K, E stored in fat ___________ Water Soluble excreted in urine B complex and C D, A, K, E

Essential Minerals Inorganic nutrients Calcium & Phosphorous Iron bones Iron anemia Iodine thyroid hormones Sodium, Chlorine, & Potassium nerve function, water regulation

Intracellular Digestion Inside cells All animals Exclusive in: Protista Porifera

Extracellular Digestion Outside cells All animals above the sponges Two Types _________________ Gastrovascular Cavity Alimentary Canal

Gastrovascular Cavity One opening Found in Cnidaria and Platyhelminthes

Alimentary Canal Two openings Allows for specialization Mouth Pharynx Esophagus Crop Gizzard Stomach Intestine Anus

Digestive Tracts shorter Longer Carnivores Herbivores ________ digestive system small cecum Herbivores large cecum shorter Longer