Chromosome...

DNA STRUCTURE DNA is short for deoxyribose nucleic acid

DNA

The structure of DNA is a double helix. It is a double stranded molecule that twists like a spiral staircase. The outsides of the molecule, the railings of the staircase, are made of deoxyribose sugars alternating with phosphates. This part of the molecule is sometimes called the "backbone".

The inside of the molecule, the "steps" of the staircase, are made of the nucleotide bases Cytosine, Guanine, Adenine, and Thymine.

C bonds to G by three hydrogen bonds C bonds to G by three hydrogen bonds. A bonds to T by two hydrogen bonds.

Complementary strands?

Complementary strands? C and G always pair together A pairs with T (in DNA) and U in RNA) Always…for ever

What are the building blocks of DNA?

Nucleotide: Building block of DNA

A Nucleotide

Another way to write DNA! Anotherwaytowritedna (how do you read it?)

Aim: How are proteins made? Do Now:

Chromosome Replication http://www.yourgenome.org/video Chromosome Replication

Chromosome Replication DNA replication is when chromosomes duplicate themselves. The first step is to unwind their double helices into separate strands. As the double helix of DNA unwinds into two parent strands, the ends of the different bases are exposed. Each parent strand becomes a template for copying a whole new DNA helix. Since the DNA structure can be rebuilt on both parent strands, two identical DNA helices are produced, each containing one original parent strand and one newly synthesized strand, called a complementary strand.

Genetic engineering animation-insulin http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/making_insulin.htm

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLy-tYq8qV0

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_biology_7/26/6659/1704795.cw/index.html

Difference between RNA and DNA?

RNA vs. DNA Vs.

DNA RNA Made up of the sugar RIBOSE Made up of sugar deoxyribose Nitrogenous bases are Thymine Guanine, adenine, cytosine Made up of the sugar RIBOSE Nitrogenous bases are Uracil, Guanine, adenine, cytosine There are 3 kinds of RNA molecules

What are the three RNA molecules found in our cells ?

Messenger RNA Transfer RNA Ribosomal RNA

What are the 3 RNA used for?

Protein Synthesis Boss gives recipe to his worker . Worker take the paper and leaves through the door and goes to the factory . Worker picks up the parts and assembles them.

All the parts are combined according to the directions Final Product is made

Why is Protein Synthesis so Important?

Write an argument to support the statement that proteins do most of the jobs in your body.

Steps of Protein Synthesis DNA molecule will unwind and the two strands will separate. mRNA will pair up with the complementary strands and transcribe the information.

Protein Synthesis: 2 steps 1. Transcription Formation of mRNA (messenger RNA) from DNA 2. Translation synthesis of Protein From mRNA

Translation: Protein synthesis Three players: mRNA Ribosomes tRNA mRNA has the codons (code). One codon is made up of 3 nucleotides/bases that code for one amino acid each

LE 17-5 Second mRNA base First mRNA base (5¢ end) Third mRNA base (3¢ end)

Sites of protein synthesis Ribosomes Sites of protein synthesis

tRNA Carry the anticodon (to the codon on mRNA) at one end and an amino acid on the other

LE 17-4 Gene 2 DNA molecule Gene 1 Gene 3 DNA strand (template) 3¢ 5¢ TRANSCRIPTION mRNA 5¢ 3¢ Codon TRANSLATION Protein Amino acid

TRANSCRIPTION Prokaryotic cell LE 17-3-1 DNA TRANSCRIPTION Prokaryotic cell

DNA TRANSCRIPTION mRNA Ribosome Prokaryotic cell Polypeptide LE 17-3-2 DNA TRANSCRIPTION mRNA Ribosome Prokaryotic cell Polypeptide Prokaryotic cell

LE 17-3-3 DNA TRANSCRIPTION mRNA Ribosome TRANSLATION Polypeptide Prokaryotic cell Nuclear envelope TRANSCRIPTION DNA Eukaryotic cell

LE 17-3-5 DNA TRANSCRIPTION mRNA Ribosome TRANSLATION Polypeptide Prokaryotic cell Nuclear envelope TRANSCRIPTION DNA Pre-mRNA RNA PROCESSING mRNA Ribosome TRANSLATION Polypeptide Eukaryotic cell

Mutation A change (error) in DNA or gene.

Wild-type hemoglobin DNA Mutant hemoglobin DNA LE 17-23 Wild-type hemoglobin DNA Mutant hemoglobin DNA 3¢ 5¢ 3¢ 5¢ mRNA mRNA 5¢ 3¢ 5¢ 3¢ Normal hemoglobin Sickle-cell hemoglobin

LE 17-24 Wild type mRNA 5¢ 3¢ Protein Stop ? end ? end Base-pair substitution No effect on amino acid sequence U instead of C Stop Missense A instead of G Stop Nonsense U instead of A Stop

LE 17-25 Wild type mRNA 5¢ 3¢ Protein Stop Amino end Carboxyl end Base-pair insertion or deletion Frameshift causing immediate nonsense Extra U Stop Frameshift causing extensive missense Missing Insertion or deletion of 3 nucleotides: no frameshift but extra or missing amino acid Missing Stop

http://www.yourgenome.org/video/from-dna-to-protein-flash http://www.yourgenome.org/video

Let’s transcribe this DNA sequence! Anotherwaytowritedna (how do you read it?) UGA GGC GCU UAU GUC CGA GCC