Performing literature searches and using EndNote Online Roz McConnaughy School of Medicine Library May 2019

Biomedical research and scholarship is a continuing conversation

Outline Designing a Search Strategy Assessing Quality Journal Citation Databases Web of Science PubMed EndNote Online - Citation Management

Objectives Describe methods of determining the quality of a paper Describe increasing level of evidence with different types of papers Utilize times cited feature in Web of Science. Apply search strategies to focus PubMed search results. Add relevant citations to your EndNote library

Designing a search strategy Revised from: “Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions”, Cochrane Collaboration. https://training.cochrane.org/handbook

Designing a search strategy Include a wide range of keywords/synonyms for each of the concepts selected. Think like the article’s author!

Boolean Operators/Connectors AND OR NOT

Designing a search strategy Related terms: penetrating head injury OR penetrating brain injury OR penetrating cranial trauma

Designing a search strategy Variant spellings: tumour OR tumor Alzheimer disease OR Alzheimer’s disease

Designing a search strategy Generic and brand drug names Acetaminophen OR Tylenol

Too many results? Try Phrase Searching Example: “blood clot” Searches for these terms to appear as a phrase. Warning: Phrase searching will turn off automatic term mapping in PubMed

Need to broaden your search? Try truncation random* (for random or randomised or randomized or randomly, etc) PubMed = * Ovid = $

Need to broaden your search? Try truncation Example: Prevent* Searches for: Prevent, Prevention, Preventive, Prevents, Preventable, Preventative, Prevented, Preventing, etc.

Designing a search strategy Both keyword (text word) and subject headings should be used (for example Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Family interventions for bipolar disorder affective disorders OR mood disorder OR bipolar disorder OR bipolar psychosis OR manic disorder OR mania OR manic psychosis OR manic depression OR hypomanic OR hypomania OR mixed mania OR mixed states OR mixed episodes OR affective symptoms OR bipolar depression OR cyclothymic disorder OR cyclothymia

Family interventions for bipolar disorder family therapy OR family intervention OR family treatment OR family process therapy OR family management OR psychoanalytical family therapy OR psychodynamic family therapy OR supportive family therapy OR cognitive behavioral family therapy OR systemic family therapy OR continuation family treatment OR maintenance family treatment OR prophylactic family treatment OR interpersonal family therapy OR cognitive family therapy OR couples therapy OR marital therapy OR spouses treatment

Family interventions for bipolar disorder affective disorders OR mood disorder OR bipolar disorder OR bipolar psychosis OR manic disorder OR mania OR manic psychosis OR manic depression OR hypomanic OR hypomania OR mixed mania OR mixed states OR mixed episodes OR affective symptoms OR bipolar depression OR cyclothymic disorder OR cyclothymia AND family therapy OR family intervention OR family treatment OR family process therapy OR family management OR psychoanalytical family therapy OR psychodynamic family therapy OR supportive family therapy OR cognitive behavioral family therapy OR systemic family therapy OR continuation family treatment OR maintenance family treatment OR prophylactic family treatment OR interpersonal family therapy OR cognitive family therapy OR couples therapy OR marital therapy OR spouses treatment

Search more than one database PubMed/MEDLINE is not enough National, regional and subject-specific databases should be selected for searching according to the topic of the review.

Assessing Quality

Assessing Quality

Assessing Journal Quality Editorial process, peer review Directory of Open Access Journals https://doaj.org Impact Factor – Journal Citation Reports (databases page)

Assessing Journal Quality PubMed includes citations from journals not part of MEDLINE Indexed in MEDLINE MeSH Terms assigned to article Search NLM Catalog

Assessing Article Quality ABCDs (Author, Bias, Content, Date) https://nsufl.libguides.com/friendly.php?s=evaluate/abcd Critical Appraisal worksheets see SOAR subject guide: https://uscmed.sc.libguides.com/soar/evaluation

Assessing Article Quality Highly Cited (Web of Science)

Why search Web of Science? Cites references found in over 6,650 journals Provides access to current information and retrospective data from 1900 to the present. Advanced search features - cited reference searching, limit by category

Assessing Article Quality Hierarchy of Evidence, study type

Study Designs Primary vs. Secondary Literature Unfiltered vs. Filtered Literature Unsynthesized vs. Synthesized Literature

Primary/Unfiltered/Unsynthesized Report original research (qualitative & quantitative) Examples: Randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, case reports

Secondary/Filtered/Synthesized Draw conclusions from original research Time-saving, critically appraised for quality Examples: Systematic reviews, practice guidelines, critically appraised topics

Hierarchy of Evidence Systematic reviews and Meta-analyses High Level Evidence for patient care decisions Randomized controlled double blind studies Cohort studies Case control studies Low Level Evidence for patient care decisions Case series, Case reports Editorials, opinions Animal research In vitro (test tube) research

Characteristics of a Systematic Review Comprehensive identification and synthesis of all relevant studies on a given topic Based on clearly defined search of the literature Explicit criteria are used to appraise the quality of the papers reviewed Comprehensive list of all studies included, as well as excluded (with a justification for exclusion) Findings are analyzed using validated methods, such as a meta-analysis (A statistical technique to combine the results of several suitably similar studies into a single numerical estimate) Very complete and comprehensive searches are executed. The quality of the methodology of the articles retrieved is closely examined and the outcomes are synthesized as if they were a single, large trial.

Animal Research

Editorial

Case Report

Case control study

Cohort study

Randomized controlled double blind study

Systematic review with meta-analysis

Assessing Quality Journal Article Peer review Directory of Open Access Journals Impact Factor Indexed in MEDLINE ABCDs (Author, Bias, Content, Date) Critical Appraisal worksheets Highly Cited Hierarchy of Evidence, study type

Clinical Question Does hand washing among healthcare workers reduce hospital acquired infections? “Health (Nursing, Medicine, Allied Health): Search Strategies: Framing the question (PICO)”, NYU Libraries. http://guides.nyu.edu/c.php?g=276561&p=1847897

Hospital acquired infection Search terms Synonyms   Healthcare workers Hospital personnel, Health personnel  Hand washing Handwashing, Hand disinfection, Hand hygiene, Hand scrubbing  Hospital acquired infection Cross infection

Search Strategy (hospital personnel OR healthcare worker OR health personnel) AND (hand washing OR handwashing OR hand disinfection OR hand hygiene OR hand scrubbing) AND (cross infection OR hospital acquired infection) Filters: Meta-Analysis; Systematic Reviews; Abstract; English

PubMed Citations Article published in journal or epub ahead of print Publisher sends data to PubMed (available in your keyword search results) Indexers read through it, assign it a handful of subject headings/using MeSH, a controlled vocabulary. (also assign publication types and other filter options) The article is now indexed. (available in your MeSH search results or search results that you filter)

PubMed Check search details of your search Use synonyms for concepts connected by “OR” Apply filters to focus your search results Use similar articles feature to find related articles View the MeSH headings of an article to find additional search terms

EndNote Online Add citations for journal articles, books, web pages, etc. to your library Download citations from databases like PubMed Format citations into bibliographies using your preferred bibliographic style Organize your references into folders or groups Share your citations with others

https://uscmed.sc.libguides.com/endnote

You try it Run a search in PubMed or Web of Science on your topic Add some citations to your EndNote Library

Contact Information Roz McConnaughy Roz.McConnaughy@uscmed.sc.edu 803-216-3214