Research needs in the area of device-related treatments for hypertension  Jens Jordan, Johannes F. Mann, Friedrich C. Luft  Kidney International  Volume 84, Issue 2, Pages 250-255 (August 2013) DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.56 Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 Percutaneous renal denervation procedure. Graphic of catheter tip in distal renal artery is shown (from Krum et al. with permission).1 Presumably, the radiofrequency signal penetrates all three arterial layers without overt injury, while destroying the nerve fibers in the adventia without subsequent re-nervation. Kidney International 2013 84, 250-255DOI: (10.1038/ki.2013.56) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Original recordings showing arterial blood pressure (ABP) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) recordings. When the stimulator was switched on (upper panel), ABP and MSNA acutely decreased and remained decreased during 9min of continued stimulation. After this period, the stimulator was switched off (lower panel). ABP and MSNA returned to the baseline level (from Heusser et al. with permission).30 ECG, electrocardiogram. Kidney International 2013 84, 250-255DOI: (10.1038/ki.2013.56) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions

Figure 3 Directly measured blood pressure and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in a subject who had the electrical carotid sinus stimulation repetitively turned on and off. Presumably, the device functions as shown indefinitely without fatigue (from Heusser et al. with permission).30 ABP, arterial blood pressure. Kidney International 2013 84, 250-255DOI: (10.1038/ki.2013.56) Copyright © 2013 International Society of Nephrology Terms and Conditions