B_2 Cell Structure and Function, Part 1 B-2: Demonstrate an understanding of the structure and function of cells and their organelles; Chapter 3 & 5 B-1.2, B-2.1-7

B-2.1,3 (sec 3.1) Cell Theory & Comparing Cell Types What are the 3 parts of the cell theory? Summarize functions of basic cell parts. What are the similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? What are examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Cell Theory (sec 3-1) All organisms are made of cells. UNICELLULAR ORGANISM Organism made of 1 cell Individual cell carries out ALL life functions MULTICELLULAR ORGANISM Groups of cells work together for life functions All existing cells are produced by other living cells. The cell is the most basic (smallest) unit of life.

History of Cell Theory (do not copy) Robert Hooke (1665) looked at cork (outer bark of tree) coined term “cell”; first to identify cell Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674) Made a better microscope (more detail) first to see living things in water Matthias Schleiden (1838) Noted all plants made of cells Theodor Schwann (1839) Noted all living things made of cells http://www.flickr.com/photos/ricardipus/3614677971/

Basic Cell Structure Cell Wall – (only some) outermost rigid membrane; protects & supports Cell membrane —thin, flexible barrier around cell; regulates what comes in & out of cell Cytoplasm —all stuff inside cell membrane—site of chemical reactions Nucleus —(only some!)-controls cell activities and stores genetic info http://www.designanduniverse.com/articles/cell.php

Types of Cells Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Eukaryotes – (nucleus) http://www.prism.gatech.edu/~gh19/b1510/bacter1.htm Prokaryotes (no nucleus) Simpler; Much Smaller Ribosomes (only organelle) DNA suspended in cytoplasm Single Circular Chromosome Ex: Bacteria Eukaryotes – (nucleus) Complex; Much Larger Many Different organelles DNA located in nucleus Multiple Chromosome Ex: Protist, Fungi, Plant, & Animal Cells

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton CHROMOSOMES Cell membrane Ribosomes Cell wall DNA Circular DNA http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm

2-nucleus 6-golgi app 9-mitochondria Animal Cell http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/image:biological_cell.svg 2-nucleus 6-golgi app 9-mitochondria 3-ribosome 7-flagella 1-nucleuolus 5-rough ER 8-smooth ER

Plant Cell N-nucleus O-nuclear envelope B-Rough ER C-Smooth ER E-Vacuole H-choloroplast I,J-cell wall K-cell membrane L-mitochondria M-Golgi App. http://sciencesource2.ca/resources/hotpotato_quiz_10_01_1.htm

Endoplasmic reticulum Animal Cells Plant Cells BOTH Nucleus Cell membrane Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Vacuoles Mitochondria Cytoskeleton Cell Wall Chloroplasts (large Central vacuole) Lysosomes Centrioles Plant & Animal Cell Review http://www.cellsalive.com/cells/3dcell.htm

B-2.2 (sec 3-2) Eukaryotic Cell Organelles Explain the function of each of the following cell structures and organelles. Identify the each of the following cell structures and organelles in plant and animal diagrams. Differentiate between plant and animal cells.

Internal & External Structure INTERNAL STRUCTURE Cytoskeleton – “Cell Skeleton” Maintains shape & structure Filaments & Tubules hold organelles in place EXTERNAL STRUCTURE Cell Wall – Rigid Support (outermost) ONLY in plants, bacteria, fungi Cell Membrane – Fluid; Regulates movement through membrane External (movement) Cilia – numerous short hair-like projections, cause movement across cell membrane Flagella – tail or whip like projections, move cell; usually only one or two (human cell – sperm)

Cell Wall Found in plant, bacteria, fungi cells (NOT animals) Found outside cell membrane Function: provides support and protection Plant cell walls made of cellulose

Nucleus (all eukaryotes) Function: Controls cell processes Stores DNA (genetic info) Information for making proteins Structure: Nucleolus – very center makes ribosomes Nuclear Envelope – surrounds nucleus Regulates what comes in and out

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) “highway system” Function: Assembles cell membrane; modifies proteins A maze of folded membranes Rough ER Covered with ribosomes (bumpy) Ribosomes make proteins, ER modifies them Smooth ER No ribosomes (smooth) Has enzymes to do special tasks

Ribosomes “Make Proteins”

Golgi Apparatus “Packaging/Shipping” Function: Proteins from ER go to Golgi Apparatus Attaches carbs and lipids to proteins (final modification) Modified, Stored & transported Products are stored in vesicles for later use Layered stacks of membrane

Mitochondria “Energy Producer” Function: Produces ENERGY (ATP) All living things use Cellular Respiration to break food (carbohydrates/lipids) down into usable energy (ATP – adenosine triphosphate – FUELS CELL) Mitochondria has many folds… Increases surface area WHICH increases amount of RXNs Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP

Chloroplast (plants only) Function: contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, which absorbs energy from the Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugar (FOOD) through the process of photosynthesis Photosynthesis CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2

Vacuoles (both) Function in ANIMALS: STORAGE of water, food molecules, enzymes Function in PLANTS: Large Central vacuole Provide SUPPORT and STRUCTURE Maintain water balance Plants

Lysosomes (animals only) “Digestion” Function: break down… carbs, lipids, & proteins remove debris… break down old organelles, waste products

B-2.5 (sec 3.3,4) Cell Membrane (Homeostasis) How the cell membrane helps the cell maintain homeostasis? Explain the difference between passive and active transport. Summarize the 3 types of passive transport Explain how isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions will affect a cell. Summarize the 3 types of active transport

Cell Membrane & Homeostasis Separates cell from surroundings Regulates what enters/leaves the cell Selectively Permeable (only some things penetrate) Provides FLEXIBLE protection and support Carbohydrates Proteins Phosopho- lipid Bilayer Protein Channel Inside of cell (cytoplasm) Miller-Levine. (2002). Biology Presentation Pro CD-ROM. Prentice Hall.

Types of Transport PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT NO energy required Follows concentration gradient… Moves materials from HIGH concentration to LOW EX: Diffusion, Osmosis, Facilitated Diffusion ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES energy Goes AGAINST concentration gradient… Moves from LOW concentration to HIGH EX: Protein Pump, Endocytosis, Exocytosis Microsoft clip art (images)

DIFFUSION FACILITATED OSMOSIS Miller-Levine. (2002). Biology Presentation Pro CD-ROM. Prentice Hall. DIFFUSION FACILITATED http://bcs.whfreeman.com/thelifewire/content/chp05/0502001.html Water molecules Higher Concentration of Water Cell membrane OSMOSIS Lower Concentration of Water Sugar molecules

Effect of Solution on Cell http://leavingbio.net/OSMOSIS%20AND%20DIFFUSION.htm Effect of Solution on Cell HYPOTONIC (below strength) LESS water in cell – water moves INTO; cell will swell ISOTONIC (equal strength) EQUAL water on both sides – no net movement HYPERTONIC (above strength) More water in cell – water moves OUT, cell will shrink

Isotonic = same concentration of solutes Hypotonic = Burst Hypertonic = Shrink “explode” “shrinker” http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab1/watpot.html

Homeostasis (do not copy) Cytoplasm of cells contains more than just water If cells are placed in pure water (hypotonic) they could swell and burst This doesn’t happen because: Some cells have isotonic fluid around them so they are NOT in pure water. Ex: blood plasma isotonic Plant cells and bacteria have cell walls, which are rigid and prevent bursting pressure on cell wall increases or decrease Some cells can pump out water as it comes in ACTIVE TRANSPORT…..

Types of Active Transport REVIEW: Movement from LOW to HIGH concentration (against concentration gradient) Requires energy (ATP) from cell PROTEIN PUMPS Sodium Potassium Pumps move Na+ (sodium) out of cell and K+ (potassium) into cell – view animation ENDOCYTOSIS Large amounts of material transporting into the cell thru in-pocketing of cytoplasm forming vesicles PHAGOCYTOSIS – “cell eating” large particles or bacteria are engulfed PINOCYTOSIS - “cell drinking” liquid is taken into the cell EXOCYTOSIS sends waste products out by vacuole attaching to the membrane; rid of waste products

http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbio/cellnot.html