Reconstruction (1865 – 1877) To Punish or Forgive?

I/II. Definition & Plan for Reconstruction Definition: Sheet Presidential Plans for Reconstruction A. Lincoln’s Plan 1. Background 2. 10% Plan 3. Radical Republicans React * C. Sumner & T. Stevens B. Johnson’s Plan: Sheet

III. Congressional Reconstruction Outline… Freedmen’s Bureau (1866) Civil Rights Act of 1866 1. Background: Black Codes 2. Act * Outlaw Black Codes * Forbid states: discriminate ag. Blacks * Equal protection under the law * Federal troops: enforce * Johnson veto: Congress overrides: C/B

III. Congressional Reconstruction Fourteenth Amendment * Reasons… * Provisions 1. African-Americans: citizenship (D.Scott) 2. Forbade states from depriving citizens of equal protection of laws 3. Gitlow v. NY (1925): provisions of B of R to states

III. Congressional Reconstruction “All persons born or naturalized in the United States… are citizens of the US and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the US; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law, nor deny any person w/in its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

III. Congressional Reconstruction Military Reconstruction 1. Background: Election; Impatient w/ South 2. Reconstruction Act of 1867 * Congress: took over Rec & threw out S. govts as unlawful * Created 5 military districts w/ military governor [general] * Stationed 5 federal troops to enforce * Readmit: blacks & whites formed a constitution * State Constitutions: guarantee suffrage for freedmen

III. Congressional Reconstruction Civil War Amendments 1. 13th (1865): abolished slavery 2. 14th A (1868): citizenship; equal protection 3. 15th A (1870): right to vote

IV. The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Clashes w/ Congress 1. Johnson Relations w/ Congress… 2. Vetoed Bureau, Civil Rights Act, Tenure of Office Act; spoke ag 14th A 3. Issue: Fired Edwin Stanton (S of War) 4. Why: Friend of Radicals; in charge of Military Reconstruction

Impeachment of Johnson 1. Impeach: to charge w/ wrongdoing; to accuse… encouraged by Stevens (role of House) 2. Supreme Court Chief Justice: presided 3. Trial stacked against Johnson 4. Acquitted by one vote in the Senate 5. Precedent: only the most serious crimes could remove President from office 6. “Lost the war”: no real power or mandate afterwards

V. Southern Reconstruction Govts Sheet….Legislators… Freedmen… Carpetbaggers….Scalawags…

VI. The North Withdraws The Grant Administration (1869 – 1877) 1. The Man

VI. The North Withdraws (cont) “Era of Good Stealings”: scandals in Grant Era *Credit Mobilier Scandal… Whiskey Ring Fraud… Salary Grab… Effect of scandals? Distraction!

B. The Supreme Court Weighs in: Reconstruction Court: b/w 1873 & 1883: decided a series of cases regarding Reconstruction Narrowly interpreted 14th & 15th A Limited the federal govt’s ability to protect civil & voting rights of freedmen Amendment prohibited states from discrimination, not individuals Slaughterhouse Cases (1873) United States v. Reese (1876) US. v. Cruiskshank (1876)

C. Election of 1876 & Compromise of 1877 Sheet: Rutherford Hayes ( R) v. Samuel Tilden (D)

VII. The Solid South *** (sheet) Southern Whites Regain Control 1. North Loses Interest: scandals, eco, “move” 2. Ku Klux Klan * History; Intimidation * Enforcement Act of 1870 3. Preventing the Freedmen Vote * Poll Taxes * Literacy Tests * Grandfather Clauses

VII. The Solid South (cont) Sharecropping (HW #4) * Fill great demand… payment in share of crop they grew… created a cycle of debt… grew cash crops

VII. The Solid South (cont) Rise of “Jim Crow” Laws * Laws of segregation: required the separation of b & w… separate & inferior facilities

VII. The Solid South (cont) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Homer Plessy: challenges 1890 law: train S Ct: approves: “separate but equal.”: does not violate Equal Protection Clause (14th A) Could not turn to federal courts for help Set precedent: justified segregation in all public facilities… not overturned until 1954

VIII. Role of African Americans in a Post Civil War Society Sheet: Booker T. Washington v. W.E.B. DuBois Niagara Movement & NAACP