Proteins Bell work Get out journal and turn to pH lab for me to check.

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Proteins Bell work Get out journal and turn to pH lab for me to check. 1

Essential to all life. Composed of amino acids (monomer) There are 20 different amino acids found in living organisms.

Composed of… Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON) Amino acids are held together by a peptide bond.

enzymes and antibodies Found in… Muscle/meat skin hair enzymes and antibodies

Functions Give structure (bone and muscle) Transport nutrients in and out of cell Allow muscles to contract (chemical messengers) Speed up chemical reactions

Test = Biurets Positive violet Pink means peptides present

Enzymes

What Are Enzymes? Most enzymes are Proteins Act as Catalyst to accelerate a reaction Not permanently changed in the process

Enzymes Are specific for the reaction they will catalyze Are Reusable End in –ase -Sucrase -Lactase -Maltase

How do enzymes Work? Enzymes work by weakening bonds which lowers activation energy

Enzymes Without Enzyme With Enzyme Free Energy Progress of the reaction Reactants Products Free energy of activation

Enzyme-Substrate Complex The substance (reactant) an enzyme acts on is the substrate Enzyme-substrate complex = when the substrate joins the enzyme Enzyme Joins Substrate

Active Site A restricted region of an enzyme molecule which binds to the substrate. Active Site Enzyme Substrate

What Affects Enzyme Activity?

1. Environmental Conditions 1. Extreme Temperature are the most dangerous - high temps may denature (unfold) the enzyme. 2. pH (most like 6 - 8 pH near neutral) 3. Ionic concentration (salt ions)

2. Cofactors and Coenzymes Inorganic substances (zinc, iron) and vitamins (respectively) are sometimes need for proper enzymatic activity. Example: Iron must be present in the quaternary structure - hemoglobin in order for it to pick up oxygen.

3. Two examples of Enzyme Inhibitors a. Competitive inhibitors: are chemicals that resemble an enzyme’s normal substrate and compete with it for the active site. Enzyme Substrate Competitive inhibitor

Inhibitors b. Noncompetitive inhibitors: Inhibitors that do not enter the active site, but bind to another part of the enzyme causing the enzyme to change its shape, which in turn alters the active site. Enzyme Noncompetitive Inhibitor Substrate active site altered