Bell Work 11/13/13 On your desk: P.R.I.D.E card I.N. Pencil/Pen What letter grade do you think you received on the Plate Tectonics Exam? How much time did you spend preparing for the Exam? How did you prepare for the Exam? (be specific: study guide, flashcards, had someone quiz you, took an online practice quiz, ect)

Earthquakes

TABLE OF CONTENTS Interactive Notebook Introduction 7 Chemistry 9 DATE DESCRIPTION PAGE # Interactive Notebook Introduction 7 Chemistry 9 ………………….. ………………….. Plate Tectonics 57 11/13/13 Earthquakes ??

What do YOU, the LITHOSPHERE and SPAGHETTI have in common?? A Riddle: What do YOU, the LITHOSPHERE and SPAGHETTI have in common??

What do YOU, the LITHOSPHERE and SPAGHETTI have in common?? In your interactive notebook (output) write down the riddle above. Answer the following questions: 1. Can a single object both BEND and BREAK? Explain your answer. Use an example as support!! 2. Demo 1: a. What happened to the spaghetti? b. Describe WHY that happened. 3. Demo 2:

Too much STRESS and you break!!!!! What do YOU, the LITHOSPHERE and SPAGHETTI have in common?? Too much STRESS and you break!!!!!

What do YOU, the LITHOSPHERE and SPAGHETTI have in common?? In your interactive notebook (output) write down the riddle above. Answer the following questions: 1. Can a single object both BEND and BREAK? Explain your answer. Use an example as support!! 2. Demo 1: a. What happened to the spaghetti? b. Describe WHY that happened. 3. Demo 2: Write a one paragraph summary (6-8 sentences) about how the application of stress can deform the lithosphere. Deformation- the process by which the shape of a rock changes.

Bell Work 11/14/13 On your desk: P.R.I.D.E card I.N. Pencil/Pen Summary  1. How do you get a spaghetti noodle to bend and not break? The spaghetti BENDS when you apply stress slowly and gently. 2. How do you break a spaghetti noodle? The spaghetti BREAKS if you apply stress quickly and with a lot of force. 3. How can you apply this concept to the lithosphere? The Earth’s lithosphere also bends and breaks depending on the amount of stress applied.

Earthquakes

Earthquakes Earthquake- a movement of Earth’s lithosphere (rigid solid) that occurs when rocks in the lithosphere suddenly shift, releasing stored energy!

They’re Caused by a Build-up of STRESS in Earth’s Crust As tectonic plates move, they cause stress in the crust, which in turn produces folds and faults.

Stress in Earth’s Crust Stress (in earthquake terms)- a force that squeezes rocks together, stretches or pulls them apart, or pushes them in different directions. Does stress occur at… Convergent plate boundaries? Divergent plate boundaries? Transform boundaries? Stress = Folds and Faults!

Folds=Plastic Deformation A bend in layers of rock in response to stress Form where rocks are squeezed together, but do not break This doesn’t lead to earthquakes

Faults Faults- San Andreas Fault A fracture, or break, in Earth’s lithosphere Blocks of rocks move (scrape) past each other San Andreas Fault

Where do earthquakes occur?? Most earthquakes happen along plate boundaries Ring of Fire- belt around the Pacific plate 80% of all earthquakes occur here http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=gRlj5vjp3Ko

Why Exactly do Earthquakes Happen? Elastic Rebound-The sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its original shape Elastic rebound occurs when more stress is applied to rock than the rock can withstand. During elastic rebound, energy is released as an earthquake

Let’s clarify some definitions!!! Vocabulary Word Definition Picture (to help you remember) Stress Folds Faults Ring of Fire Elastic Rebound Text Book: Pages 112 -131

Bell Work 11/15/13 On your desk: P.R.I.D.E card I.N. Pencil/Pen Where do the majority of Earthquakes occur? The majority of earthquakes occur along plate boundaries. 2. What is the ring of fire? The belt around the pacific plate where 80% of earthquakes occur. 3. Why exactly do earthquakes happen? Elastic Rebound- The sudden return of elastically deformed rock to its original shape.

Bill Nye – Earthquakes!! http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/yt/watch?v=g6DiGGTlKDM

Bell Work 11/18/13 On your desk: P.R.I.D.E card I.N. Pencil/Pen What is stress? A force that squeezes rocks together, stretches or pulls them apart, or pushes them in different directions. 2. What does stress cause in the lithosphere? Folds and faults 3. What is a fault? A fracture or break in the Earth’s lithosphere.

It’s an Earthquake! Earthquakes song http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/ yt/watch?v=sA6oZ4YgKCA

A little more on faults!!!

Are there different types of faults? Yes! Faults are classified by how rocks move Three types: Normal faults Reverse faults Strike-slip faults

Normal Fault Occur at divergent boundaries Divergent boundary- Plates drifting apart Normal fault- Block slides down relative to the surface Move vertically

Reverse Fault Occur at convergent boundaries Convergent boundary- Plates coming together Reverse fault- Block slides up relative to the surface Move vertically

Strike-Slip Fault Occur at transform boundaries Transform boundary- Plates slide past one another in different directions Strike-slip fault- Blocks slide in opposite directions Move horizontally

Faults Foldable - Color the strata!! Text Book : Page 114-115

Bell Work 11/19/13 How many types of faults are there? 3 On your desk: P.R.I.D.E card I.N. Pencil/Pen How many types of faults are there? 3 2. What type of fault occurs at a convergent boundary? Reverse fault 3. What type of boundary occurs at a strike-slip fault? Transform boundary

How do we measure earthquakes? 2 different scales Seismic waves vs destruction!

Measuring Earthquakes Modified Mercalli scale- Rates earthquakes based on observations of the intensity of ground shaking and damage

Modified Mercalli Scale San Francisco earthquake of 1906 was an 11

Measuring Earthquakes Richter scale- Rates earthquakes based on measurements of the times and amplitudes of the seismic waves Created by Charles Richter in the 1930’s

How exactly do we Measure earthquakes? To measure earthquakes and pinpoint their epicenters, geologists record seismic waves using seismographs Seismograph- a device that can detect and record seismic waves Creates a seismogram

What is a Seismogram? Seismogram- A tracing of earthquake motion created by a seismograph

Seismic Waves – the reason earthquakes are Dangerous! the energy released during an earthquake carried by vibrations 3 main types: P waves S waves Surface waves

Seismic Waves P waves (primary waves)- longitudinal waves similar to sound waves Move through solid and liquid material Compress and expand the ground Similar to an accordion or a slinky

Seismic Waves S waves (secondary waves)- Transverse waves, like light. They cannot travel through liquids

S waves can’t pass through liquid…this is why we know the outer core is a liquid!

Seismic Waves Surface Waves- develop when seismic waves reach Earth’s surface Move more slowly than P and S waves Produce larger movements Create greater damage

Slinky Demonstration

Rocks move Aside! Seismic waves song http://www.cleanvideosearch.com/media/action/ yt/watch?v=lcVwAn8W-jo

Bell Work 11/20/13 What are seismic waves? On your desk: P.R.I.D.E card I.N. Pencil/Pen What are seismic waves? The energy released during an earthquake carried by vibrations. 2. What are the three types of waves? P-waves, S-waves, and Surface waves. 3. How does a P-wave move? Compression and expansion

Where do Earthquakes Happen? Earthquakes- occur because stress forces have exceeded the strength of rock. Focus- the location beneath Earth’s surface where an earthquake begins. Epicenter- the location on Earth’s surface directly above the focus.

The S-P time method… How it’s used: Collect several seismograms from different seismographs (at different locations) Plot seismographs on a distance-time graph Draw circles around the locations based on the distance-time graph At the point where 3 lines intersect is the earthquake epicenter

Locating Earthquakes http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

Locating Earthquakes http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

Locating Earthquakes http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

How do we protect ourselves from earthquakes?? This is what happens during an earthquake : Japan 2011- 8.4 magnitude http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UO_A19BXLDs THINK…. 1. How can we protect ourselves against earthquakes in the future?? 2. What should we consider when building on the Earth?

Earthquake proof structures

Let’s Design!!