SDI from a technological perspective: Standards Arnold Bregt

Components People Technology Policies Standards Spatial Data

Contents Why Standards? Classification of standards Standardization organizations Standards for SDI

Standards Can you mention a few standards in daily life?

Standards – make life easier

Why Standards? Efficiency Rules and threshold for society Increase connectivity

Classification of standards Ad hoc standards Proprietary standards De facto standards De jure standards

Organisations ISO/tc211 OGC EU (INSPIRE) CEN/tc278 National government NEN NEN, CEN, ISO = non-profit, national representatives, but of course national interests at stake related to national industry. ISO/tc211 = international standardisation organisation, tc211 geomatics CEN/tc278 = european standardisation organisation , tc278 geomatics NEN = netherlands standardisation organisation CEN adopts ISO. What does adopt mean? Varies from nothing much to developing profiles / application schemas and proposing new work items NEN adopts ISO. Not sure if this goes via CEN. Varies from nothing much to developing profiles / application schemas and proposing new work items. AND: here is where you buy a GI standard EU and national governments can decide that certain standards are mandatory. E.g. in EU INSPIRE is like a law. EU does what the E countries want, so lots of negotiation -> not whole standard compulsory but subset -> registered for publication as profile or application at CEN. Possibly at ISO. E countries obliged to adopt EU legislation. So, countries can decide certain standards to be compulsory. But may also be less stringent. E.g. govt. recommending use of specific standard. Govt. deciding that within the own organisation will be working with particular standards. OGC = profit = industry consortium. Tries to influence ISO/TC211. Out of company interests. If industry needs standard but ISO is not working on it or working on it too slowly. Industry consortium works faster because spending less time on consensus building. Risk: responding to interests of private companies, not society. Responding only to interests of companies who have resources for involvement in standardisation. Benefit: fast and possibly more in touch with users’ needs

Standardization organizations ISO OGC CEN

ISO Founded 1926 Non-governmental organization 1994 ISO TC 211 Geographic information/geomatics http://www.isotc211.org/

Organization - process ISO Technical committee (TC) for particular domain Working group (WG) for particular group of standards Project team (PT) for particular standard Stages Proposal (NWIP = New Work Item Proposal) -> TC Preparatory stage (WD = working draft) -> WG Committee stage (CD = committee draft) -> TC Enquiry stage (FDIS = (final) draft international standard) Approval stage -> TC & all ISO member bodies: final Yes/No Publication stage (IS = international standard) So people in the project team write the standard. In various stages they get comments which they have to process. They do that via e-mail and web correspondence and at occasional PT or WG meetings. Whole procedure can take up to 5 years! If not completed and still need for it, whole process starts over again. For this reason often completed just before deadline to avoid all efforts of being officially deleted.

OGC Open Geospatial consortium Founded 1994 Industry consortium Implementation specifications For instance: WMS, WFS, GML, http://www.opengeospatial.org/ Testing of implemenations

Development

CEN (now dormant 2015) CEN organization 1961 TC 287 (Geographic information) Founded 1991 Revival in 2004 Adoption of ISO standards http://www.centc287.eu/

Used specifications OGC web-site (nog

Standards for SDI (basis) Meta-data Spatial data reference models Services

Metadata ISO 19115 (formal description) ISO 19139 (technical implementation) Catalog service (CAT) Metadata about services (ISO 19119 )

Spatial data reference models ISO 19101 (reference model) ISO 19107 (Spatial schema) ISO 19108 (Temporal schema) ISO 19109 (Application schema) ISO 19111 (Spatial referencing by coordinates) ISO 19112 (Spatial referencing by geographic identifiers)

Services Web map service (WMS) Web feature service (WFS) Web coverage service (WCS)

But we are in the geospatial business Mapping service Sensor service Image service Geo spatial service Source

Cooperation ISO and OGC

INSPIRE- Implementing Rules (IR) IR for the creation and updating of metadata IR for monitoring and reporting IR for discovery and view services IR for download services IR for coordinates transformation service IR governing the access rights of use to spatial data sets and services for Community institutions and bodies IRs for the interoperability and harmonization of spatial data sets and services for Annex I spatial data themes

INSPIRE http://geostandards.geonovum.nl http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

Summary There are a lot of GI standards Produced by ISO, OGC and CEN (Europe) Implemented in a variety of software implementations Large part of it is used and relevant for SDI

Thank you for your attention! Questions Thank you for your attention!