Ionization

Atoms Vs. Ions Atoms are neutral, they have the same amount of protons (+) and electrons (-) # of electrons in the outer orbit of an atom determines how it will react Ions are NOT neutral - they give or steal electrons An ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms. Ionization results in metals and non-metals forming Compounds.

Atoms Becoming Ions Octet Rule: atoms always want to have a complete/full outer orbital of valence electrons - so they become ions! Atoms want to gain or lose elections to become more stable and less reactive end up with a completely filled energy levels of electrons.

When Ionization occurs: An anion is a negatively charged ion formed when electrons are gained, giving more electrons in the remaining structure than protons most anions form when non-metal atoms gain electrons. non-metals are missing electrons so they accept electrons to become a negative ion A cation is a positively charged ion formed when electrons are lost, leaving more protons in the remaining structure than electrons metals have extra electrons so they donate electrons they become a positive ion

The noble gases all have their outer level FULL!! holds 2 electrons holds 8 electrons holds 8 electrons The noble gases all have their outer level FULL!! *

Let’s take a look at chlorine Since chlorine has 7 electrons in its’ outer shell, it can do one of two things: it can give up 7 electrons OR pick up 1 electron. Since it is much easier to gain 1 than lose 7, it grabs an electron from wherever it can. *

General Rule: All metals tend to lose electrons to become more stable. All non-metals tend to gain electrons to become more stable. Elements become more stable when they have the same number of electrons in their outer energy level as the nearest noble gas does.

Lithium has 3 electrons has 1 extra electron in the outer orbital will give away 1 e as an ion

Magnesium has 12 electrons has 2 extra electron in the outer orbital will give away 2 e as an ion

Sulfur has 16 electrons is missing 2 electrons in the outer orbital will steal 2 e as an ion

Flourine has 9 electrons is missing 1 electron in the outer orbital will steal 1 e as an ion

Argon has 18 electrons all orbitals are complete so Argon does not react Argon does not make an ion Ar

Electrons in Last Orbital Ions Column Electrons in Last Orbital Gain/Loose Electrons Ion Charge Example I-A 1 Lose 1 +1 K + II-A 2 Lose 2 +2 Ca 2+ III-A 3 Lose 3 +3 Al 3+ IV-A 4 Gain/Lose 4 -/+4 C V-A 5 Gain 3 -3 P 3- VI-A 6 Gain 2 -2 S 2- VII-A 7 Gain 1 -1 Br - VIII-A 8 Balanced Ne

What is an isotope? 12 = Mass number Isotopes are elements with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons. Carbon-12 Carbon-14 Carbon-16 14 = Mass number 16 = Mass number For Carbon – 14: 14 = # of protons + # of neutrons = 6 + 8 For Carbon – 12: 12 = MASS NUMBER (# of p+ + # of no) 12 = # of protons + # of neutrons = 6 + 6 For Carbon – 16: 16 = # of protons + # of neutrons = 6 + 10

Naming: name - mass number Example: carbon-12 Element symbol Naming: name - mass number Example: carbon-12

Practice: Do the Isotopes and Ions worksheet

Extra Stuff

Ionization When an atom gains or loses one or more of their outermost electrons and results in the formation of an ion. Give away extra electrons metals have extra electrons so they donate electrons they become a positive ion Steal electrons non-metals are missing electrons so they accept electrons to become a negative ion

Octet Rule Chemist Gilbert Lewis summarized the behaviour of the elements on the periodic table, saying they react to have 8 electrons in their outer (or valence) energy level. This is called the octet rule. Every element wants to be just like a noble gas with a full outer energy levels of valence electrons. *