A PICTURE IS WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS

THE TOOLS OF A HISTORIAN

How do we learn about past events? Is it: Stories Pictures Legal Documents Physical Artifacts Political Cartoons Statistics Teachers Text Books ? Yep, we learn from it all.

But before we can take a piece of historical evidence at face value we have to ask a few questions. Decide whether a source is a PRIMARY or SECONDARY source of information. PRIMARY SOURCES Material produced by people directly involved in the event or topic under consideration

Eyewitness accounts decrees Diaries speeches military service records   award certificates, diplomas, birth and death records minutes of meetings tax records maps old school attendance records treaties report cards immigration/citizenship papers laws, legal documents yearbooks wills blueprints letters driver’s license autobiographies

SECONDARY SOURCES Material that comment on and interpret the primary sources Examples- Books and articles in scholarly journals, history written after the fact

EVALUATING SOURCES   AUTHENTICITY AND OBJECTIVITY: you must look at the following criteria in order to determine the validity and objectivity of historical information. You must examine your sources for bias, inference, fact and judgement.

BIAS this is the process by which ideas of a specific group are expressed most directly. For example; political, economic, religious, military, ethnic or social class point of view is given most importance.

Bias through selection and omission: For example, if people boo during one of Prime Minister Trudeau's speeches, the booing can be described as "remarks greeted by jeers" or the boos can be ignored as "a handful of people who disagree". Bias through placement:

Bias by headline:

Bias by photos:

Bias through use of names and titles: For example, a person can be called an "ex-con" or be referred to as someone who "served time twenty years ago for a minor offense."

Bias by choice of words: People can be influenced by the use of positive or negative words with a certain connotation. People can also be influenced by the tone that a newscaster uses when saying certain words. This example appeared in TIME magazine, August 14, 2000, page 37:  FISHING FOR DONATIONS House Speaker Denny Hastert led 35 donors last Monday on a predawn flyfishing excursion in Valley Forge, Pa. Each donor got a personal guide from the local Trout Unlimited. Minimum donation: $5,000; number of fish caught: 1.

Policeman Positive Bias Negative Bias:

Muscular Positive Bias Negative Bias

Small Positive Negative

EMOTIVE LANGUAGE: emotive language appeals to and expresses emotions or an over simplification that attempts to sway the reader to support or reject a point of view and cause the reader to feel anger, fear, patriotism, love or hate. Examples: loyal, perfect, impossible, unfair, truth, anti, pro.

SOURCE- is this source reflecting a bias of a specific group, cause or point of view. Example: (business, labor, political, national or economic groups) EMPLOYER- who benefits, who does the source speak for or lobbies for. AUDIENCE- who is this source addressing (labor, political group or social class) REPUTATION- what is the reputation of the author, is he or she respected historian or are they unknown.

JUDGEMENT- This is an expression of value about the subject where one approves or disapproves of the subject by supporting its position by using historical evidence. OPINION: This is used when a secondary author provides a judgment about an event. Eg. Hitler was the worst dictator of the 20th Century. CORROBORATION- This is used when comparing two or more documents and finding how they support each other. CONTRADICT-This is used when comparing two or more documents and finding out how they disprove each other. RELIABILITY-This is used when you assess or evaluate a document. Look at the document and say how it is reliable and how it is not.

FACT: A fact is something that really happened or is known to be true. Facts can be verified. A factual account stresses denotive (specific)not connotive meaning and does not use emotive language. INFERENCE: An inference is a conclusion drawn from certain factual evidence. It is an opinion, conclusion, or statement about the unknown based on the known. In order to judge the validity of the inference one must test the reality to which the inference refers. This is not always possible and the best way of determining the validity of an inference is to refer to the evidence that supports it. Generally, the more evidence the stronger the inference. One can test an inference by asking whether it is a reasonable or logical assumption based on the evidence.