Studies by pulsed Doppler ultrasonography of velocity fields downstream of graded stenoses on the abdominal aorta in pigs W.Yong Kim, MD, Erik M. Pedersen,

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Presentation transcript:

Studies by pulsed Doppler ultrasonography of velocity fields downstream of graded stenoses on the abdominal aorta in pigs W.Yong Kim, MD, Erik M. Pedersen, MD, Hans Nygaard, ME, Lars Sømod, MD, J.Michael Hasenkam, MD, DMSc Journal of Vascular Surgery Volume 19, Issue 3, Pages 414-425 (March 1994) DOI: 10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0 Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 1 Example of 84% smooth stenosis. a, Schematic illustration; b, arteriography. AA, Abdominal aorta; LRA, left renal artery. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 2 Five-element Doppler transducer for blood velocity measurements in plane perpendicular to flow axis by individually range-gated probes. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 3 Schematic illustration of measurement and signal analysis setup. a, Positions of blood velocity measurements; b, ensemble averaging and three-dimensional visualization of velocity fields; c, turbulence analysis by 20 Hz high-pass (HP) filtering. ANT, Anterior vessel wall; POST, posterior vessel wall. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 4 Three-dimensional visualization of ensemble averaged velocity profiles along anterior-posterior vessel diameter from unconstricted porcine abdominal aorta. X axis, Time (milliseconds); Y axis, blood velocity (centimeters per second); Z axis, diameter of vessel (millimeters); ANT, anterior vessel wall; POST, posterior vessel wall. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Three-dimensional visualization of ensemble averaged velocity profiles at 1, 2, and 3.5 Z/D downstream of smooth 60% stenosis (a). X axis, Time (milliseconds); Y axis, blood velocity (centimeters per second); Z axis, diameter of vessel (millimeters). b, Corresponding spatial distribution of RNS. X axis, Diameter of vessel (millimeters); Y axis, RNS (N/m−2); ANT, anterior vessel wall; POST, posterior vessel wall. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Three-dimensional visualization of ensemble averaged velocity profiles at 1, 2, and 3.5 Z/D downstream of smooth 60% stenosis (a). X axis, Time (milliseconds); Y axis, blood velocity (centimeters per second); Z axis, diameter of vessel (millimeters). b, Corresponding spatial distribution of RNS. X axis, Diameter of vessel (millimeters); Y axis, RNS (N/m−2); ANT, anterior vessel wall; POST, posterior vessel wall. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Three-dimensional visualization of ensemble averaged velocity profiles at 1, 2, and 3.5 Z/D downstream of smooth 60% stenosis (a). X axis, Time (milliseconds); Y axis, blood velocity (centimeters per second); Z axis, diameter of vessel (millimeters). b, Corresponding spatial distribution of RNS. X axis, Diameter of vessel (millimeters); Y axis, RNS (N/m−2); ANT, anterior vessel wall; POST, posterior vessel wall. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Three-dimensional visualization of ensemble averaged velocity profiles at 1, 2, and 3.5 Z/D downstream of smooth 60% stenosis (a). X axis, Time (milliseconds); Y axis, blood velocity (centimeters per second); Z axis, diameter of vessel (millimeters). b, Corresponding spatial distribution of RNS. X axis, Diameter of vessel (millimeters); Y axis, RNS (N/m−2); ANT, anterior vessel wall; POST, posterior vessel wall. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Three-dimensional visualization of ensemble averaged velocity profiles at 1, 2, and 3.5 Z/D downstream of smooth 60% stenosis (a). X axis, Time (milliseconds); Y axis, blood velocity (centimeters per second); Z axis, diameter of vessel (millimeters). b, Corresponding spatial distribution of RNS. X axis, Diameter of vessel (millimeters); Y axis, RNS (N/m−2); ANT, anterior vessel wall; POST, posterior vessel wall. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 5 Three-dimensional visualization of ensemble averaged velocity profiles at 1, 2, and 3.5 Z/D downstream of smooth 60% stenosis (a). X axis, Time (milliseconds); Y axis, blood velocity (centimeters per second); Z axis, diameter of vessel (millimeters). b, Corresponding spatial distribution of RNS. X axis, Diameter of vessel (millimeters); Y axis, RNS (N/m−2); ANT, anterior vessel wall; POST, posterior vessel wall. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Three-dimensional visualization of ensemble averaged velocity profiles at 1, 2, and 3.5 Z/D downstream of smooth 75% stenosis (a). X axis, Time (milliseconds); Y axis, blood velocity (centimeters per second); Z axis, diameter of vessel (millimeters). b, Corresponding spatial distribution of RNS. X axis, Diameter of vessel (millimeters); Y axis, RNS (N/m−2); ANT, anterior vessel wall; POST, posterior vessel wall. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Three-dimensional visualization of ensemble averaged velocity profiles at 1, 2, and 3.5 Z/D downstream of smooth 75% stenosis (a). X axis, Time (milliseconds); Y axis, blood velocity (centimeters per second); Z axis, diameter of vessel (millimeters). b, Corresponding spatial distribution of RNS. X axis, Diameter of vessel (millimeters); Y axis, RNS (N/m−2); ANT, anterior vessel wall; POST, posterior vessel wall. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Three-dimensional visualization of ensemble averaged velocity profiles at 1, 2, and 3.5 Z/D downstream of smooth 75% stenosis (a). X axis, Time (milliseconds); Y axis, blood velocity (centimeters per second); Z axis, diameter of vessel (millimeters). b, Corresponding spatial distribution of RNS. X axis, Diameter of vessel (millimeters); Y axis, RNS (N/m−2); ANT, anterior vessel wall; POST, posterior vessel wall. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Three-dimensional visualization of ensemble averaged velocity profiles at 1, 2, and 3.5 Z/D downstream of smooth 75% stenosis (a). X axis, Time (milliseconds); Y axis, blood velocity (centimeters per second); Z axis, diameter of vessel (millimeters). b, Corresponding spatial distribution of RNS. X axis, Diameter of vessel (millimeters); Y axis, RNS (N/m−2); ANT, anterior vessel wall; POST, posterior vessel wall. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Three-dimensional visualization of ensemble averaged velocity profiles at 1, 2, and 3.5 Z/D downstream of smooth 75% stenosis (a). X axis, Time (milliseconds); Y axis, blood velocity (centimeters per second); Z axis, diameter of vessel (millimeters). b, Corresponding spatial distribution of RNS. X axis, Diameter of vessel (millimeters); Y axis, RNS (N/m−2); ANT, anterior vessel wall; POST, posterior vessel wall. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 6 Three-dimensional visualization of ensemble averaged velocity profiles at 1, 2, and 3.5 Z/D downstream of smooth 75% stenosis (a). X axis, Time (milliseconds); Y axis, blood velocity (centimeters per second); Z axis, diameter of vessel (millimeters). b, Corresponding spatial distribution of RNS. X axis, Diameter of vessel (millimeters); Y axis, RNS (N/m−2); ANT, anterior vessel wall; POST, posterior vessel wall. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions

Fig. 7 RNS (spatial mean values) at 2 Z/D downstream plotted as function of stenosis degree for all six pigs. Journal of Vascular Surgery 1994 19, 414-425DOI: (10.1016/S0741-5214(94)70068-0) Copyright © 1994 Society for Vascular Surgery and International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery, North American Chapter Terms and Conditions