Chapter 22, Section 4: Women Win Reforms Main Idea: During the Progressive Era, many women fought for reforms and campaigned to win the right to vote.

A. Working for Women’s Suffrage The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 was the start of the organized women’s rights movement After the CW, Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B. Anthony continued to fight for women’s right to vote. In 1869, they set up the National Woman Suffrage Association to win the right for women to vote Western states (WY, UT, CO, ID) led the way in giving women the right to vote. (pioneers) Carrie Chapman Catt – led movement after Stanton & Anthony died. Suffragists – people who worked for women’s right to vote

B. The Nineteenth Amendment Alice Paul – more radical in her approach to suffrage (jail, hunger strike, picketing) Persistence pays off: In 1919, Congress passed the 19th Amendment, guaranteeing women across the nation the right to vote. In 1920, ¾ of the states ratified it, doubling the number of eligible voters.

On March 3, 1913, charismatic and devoted women's suffrage leader Alice Paul organized a massive suffrage parade down Pennsylvania Avenue the day before President Woodrow Wilson's inauguration.

Official program of the Woman Suffrage Parade that tried to overshadow Wilson's inauguration.

In 1920, Tennessee became the 36th state to ratify the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution giving women the right to vote nationwide.

C. Women Win New Opportunities Higher Education many obstacles for women Boston U. granted 1st PhD to woman in 1877 By 1900, there were 1000 female lawyers & 7000 female doctors Women’s Clubs middle class women joined to improve their minds. many became reformers raised $ for libraries, schools & parks fought for laws to protect women & children, food & drugs, & vote Women Reformers – many women became committed to reforming society & ending social evils Florence Kelley investigated sweatshops & fought to end child labor by exposing abusers (boycotts, public lists)

Puck Magazine, 1917

D. The Crusade Against Alcohol Temperance Movement – tried to end the sale of alcohol in US, started in early 1800s, led mostly by women who recognized alcohol as a threat to their families (caused violence & economic hardship at home) WCTU – Women’s Christian Temperance Union formed in 1874. Frances Willard was 1st president. Carrie Nation – stormed into saloons swinging a hatchet & smashing kegs & bottles 18th Amendment – banned the sale of alcohol in the US in 1919 (lasted until 1933 - Prohibition). Only amendment to ever be repealed (21st).

Temperance Crusade · In 1874, Frances Willard formed the Women’s Christian Temperance Union. (WCTU) · The WCTU educated people about the evils of alcohol and tried to make it illegal. Frances Willard

* Eighteenth Amendment (1919) – made it illegal to sell alcohol anywhere in the United States