A New World Of Many Cultures By Jeshrine Mazhil

The Beginning First people to settle in North America came about 40,000 years ago. Came through Land Bridge Bering Strait: Connected Siberia and Alaska Native Pop: 50-100 million people

Cultures of Central and South America Mayans – Guatemala, Belize, & Southern Mexico Yucatan Peninsula Aztecs- Central Mexico Capital: Tenochtitlan Pop: 200,000 Incans- Peru

What Do They Have in Common? Highly Organized Society Extensive trade Scientific discoveries: calendar Stable Food Supply Corn and potatoes Increased population

Cultures of North America Smaller and less sophisticated Because corn spread slowly to this area Gender Roles Men: make tools and hunt Women: gather plants & nuts and grow crops

Cultures Language- More than 20 lang fams More than 400 distinct languages

Settlements Southwest: Pueblos, Anazaki and Hokkokam Farmed w/ irrigation systems Live in caves, cliffs, & multistoried buildings Northwest: Alaska to North California Live in permanent longhouses and planks Rich diet: hunt, fish, gather food Totem pole = history Isolation = development

Settlements Great Plains: Nomadic Hunters Who farmed and traded Survived on hunting Lived in tepees Who farmed and traded Hunted buffalo Lived in Earthen lodges long rivers Would merge or split based on conditions

Settlements Midwest: East of Mississippi River Hunted, fished and farmed Large earthen mounds = Adena-hopewell Northeast: New York (Iroquois Confederation Descendants of Adena-Hopewell Hunting and farming= exhausted soil Move around Lived in longhouses

Settlements Atlantic Seaboard: New Jersey to Florida Descendants of Woodland Mound builders Built timber and bark lodging along rivers Rivers and Atlantic ocean = rich food source

Europeans Moves Toward Exploration First Encounter with New World Scandinavian Vikings No lasting impact

Improvements of Tech Renaissance = outburst of artistic & science Tech advanced Gunpowder usage Sailing compass Major improvements in shipbuilding and mapmaking Printing Press = v.imp Spread ideas and knowledge quicker.

Religious Conflict Intense religious zeal and conflict Roman Catholic Church threatened by Ottoman Turks (Islam) Revolt against pope’s authority

Catholic Victory in Spain Spain at first conquered by Moors (Islamic Invaders Spanish Christians conquered Spain and set up several Independent Kingdoms Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand united all the kingdoms

Protestant Revolt in Northern Europe Revolts against Pope’s authority Led to Protestant Reformation Created series of religious wars Conflicts caused the religions to spread to as many places as possible Catholic Spain and Portugal Protestant England and Holland

Expanding Trade Overland route = Long Slow Expensive Land route blocked by the Ottoman Turks Led to desire of finding a better route

New Routes Was used by Portuguese Sailing = new way to Asian Trade 2 Options South Along the West African Coast Across Atlantic Ocean Prince Henry sponsored these exploration done by Portugal Vasco Da Gama was the first to reach India by this route (Cape of Good Hope)

Slave Trading Portuguese traded for slaves in West Africa Worked on sugar plantations on islands off the African coast Profitable

African Resistance Ran Away Sabotaged Work Revolted Maintained aspects of Culture Music Religion Folkways

Developing Nation-States Small Kingdoms uniting to form larger kingdoms The Monarchs depended on trade for revenue and church for right to rule Search for riches abroad Spread influence of their christianity

Early Explorations Changing political, economic, and social conditions in Europe Shaped ambitions of people

Christopher Columbus Claimed land for Spain Viewed as a Failure Landed on Bahamas = @ 1rst glory to Spain No gold = disappointment Viewed as a Failure Brought the permanent interaction b/w people from all over the globe. Changed the World Forever

Columbian Exchange Europe Africa New World Transferred Plants Animal Europeans learned about beans, corns, sweet potatoes, tomatoes , tobacco Europe Africa New World Transferred Plants Animal Germs Tech Learned about sugar cane, bluegrasses, pigs, horses, wheel, iron implements, guns, and Disease (major killer)

Dividing the Americas Spain & Portugal = conflict of who gets what Resolved by pope with Line of Demarcation Spain = West of line Portugal = East of line Treaty of Tordesillas Moved line few degrees west 1494

Spanish Conquest Conquistadores = Spain’s conquerors Balboa = Isthmus of Panama -> Pacific Ocean Magellan = circumnavigate globe Cortes = conquered Aztecs Pizzaro = conquered Incans Shiploads of gold and silver Became rich and powerful

Systems of Spanish Empire Encomienda System Give land and natives to individual Spaniards Natives farmed or worked in mines Spaniard take “care” of them Asiento System Native pop decreased More enslaved people from West Africa Payed taxes to king for each slave imported

The Claims English French Dutch Cabot = Coat of Newfoundland Other issues preoccupied Monarchy Drake = attacked Spanish ships Raleigh = attempts settlement at Roanoke Island (1587) Verrazano = explored New York harbor (N. America’s Eastern coast. Cartier = St. Lawrence Valley Monarchy occupied with religious conflict Champlain = 1rst perm settlement in Quebec 1608 Jolliet and Marquette = upper Mississippi River Salle = Louisiana Henry Hudson = Hudson river = established claims for New Amsterdam ( New York) Looked for Westward pat the Asia through Northern America

Spanish Settlements Florida = St. Augustine (1565) Oldest city in North America by Europeans New Mexico = Santa Fe Christianize American Indians Caused Pueblo Revolt Spanish were driven from the area until 1692

Spanish Settlements Texas Resist French efforts in Mississippi River California = San Diego (1769) and San Francisco (1776) Response to Russian Exploration from Alaska

Spanish Policy Towards Natives Incorporate as Laborers = die from force labor Intermarried with natives and Africans Class system= rigid = dom by pure-blooded Spaniards Bartolome de Las Casas Advocate for better treatment of Indians New Laws 1542= end encomienda system Late got repealed

Valladolid Debate Las Casas vs. de Sepulveda Indians are humans (La Casas) Indians are less than humans (de Sepulveda)

English Policy Towards Natives Low intermarriage Coexisted at first Conflict because of English viewed Natives as savage Indians felt threatened by the English taking more land Expelled Natives

French Policy Towards Natives Natives economic and military allies Control Fur Trade = built port Exchanged beaver pelts for French goods Assisted Huron people to fight the Iroquois

Native American Reactions No unification because saw themselves as distinct from each other Allied with one European power or gaining support to survive Migrated to new land No Return to Life Before 1492

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