01/03/13 Chapter 8 ADOLESCENCE

01/03/13 Physical Development 2

Biological Changes of Puberty The Physical Changes of Puberty 01/03/13 Puberty is a time period of rapid biological growth Once you reach your threshold level of body fat, it causes… Hormonal changes triggered by hypothalamus Ovaries & testes to increase production of sex hormones. Two classes of sex hormones: Estrogen—estradiol production 8 times higher in females Androgens—testosterone is 20 times higher in males 3

Biological Changes of Puberty The Physical Changes of Puberty 01/03/13 2 kinds of changes that take place in the body b/c of increased sex hormones. Two types of sex characteristics: Primary sex characteristics—directly related to reproduction. What are they? Ova mature & sperm are produced Secondary sex characteristics—bodily changes due to rise in sex hormones, NOT directly related to reproduction. 4

01/03/13 L.O. 8.1 5

Biological Changes of Puberty The Physical Changes of Puberty 01/03/13 Brain development continues throughout adolescence and beyond. Myelination encourages efficiency in thought Cerebellum continues to grow math, music, decision making, social skills, understanding humor 3. Exuberance/over production and synaptic pruning Especially concentrated in the frontal lobes Responsible for planning ahead, solving problems, making moral judgements L.O. 8.1 6

Biological Changes of Puberty Timing of Puberty 01/03/13 Sex differences in timing of puberty Girls begin puberty about two years earlier than boys Note: exception of Kikuyu of Kenya: boys show signs of puberty before girls Chinese—girls develop pubic hair before breast buds (counter to Western pattern) African American—girls develop breast buds and pubic hair earlier than white girls 7

Biological Changes of Puberty Timing of Puberty 01/03/13 Were you an early, on-time or late developer? How did this affect you? If you could go through adolescence again, would you change the timing of your development? Explain. Chinese—girls develop pubic hair before breast buds (counter to Western pattern) African American—girls develop breast buds and pubic hair earlier than white girls 8

Biological Changes of Puberty Timing of Puberty 01/03/13 Secular trend- decrease in the age of menarche The average= 12.5 yrs. in developed countries; as high as 15 yrs. in developing countries Nutrition Access to health care 9

Biological Changes of Puberty Timing of Puberty 01/03/13 Early maturation Girls—depressed mood, negative body image, eating disorders, substance use, delinquency, aggressive behavior, school problems, conflict w/parents. Boys—favorable body image, higher popularity, earlier delinquency, sex and substance use. Later maturation may be more negative for boys with fewer problems for girls L.O. 8.2 10

Physical Development Puberty Rituals 01/03/13 Does your culture have a way of marking/celebrating the entrance from childhood to adolescence? Puberty rituals mark a transition Girls Menstrual blood may be considered dangerous to crops, livestock, and people, exclusion from school, social activities, bathing… Boys May be required to show feats of courage, strength, or pain endurance (Samoan boys get tattooed). Circumcision L.O. 8.3 Discuss the view of male and female circumcision worldwide 11

Health Issues in Adolescence Eating Disorders 01/03/13 Anorexia Nervosa Inability to maintain body weight Fear of weight gain Lack of menstruation Distorted body image 12

Health Issues in Adolescence Eating Disorders 01/03/13 Bulimia Fear of weight gain Engage in binge eating then purge Can damage teeth from repeated vomiting Tend to maintain normal weight and recognize abnormal eating patterns Eating disorders are more common in cultures that emphasize slimness 13

Health Issues in Adolescence Eating Disorders 01/03/13 Treatment options: hospitalization, medication, or psychotherapy Effectiveness: 1/3 of individuals treated for anorexia remain ill 1/2 of individuals treated for bulimia relapse Continuing problems as individuals dealing with these disorders age Impairments in mental/physical health, self- image, social functioning L.O. 8.4 14

Health Issues in Adolescence Substance Use 01/03/13 Reasons for substance use among adolescents are varied Experimental- try it a few times then stop Social- try it with a few friends/at at party or dance Medicinal- try it b/c of sadness, anxiety, stress, loneliness Addictive –dependent on substance to feel good physically or psychologically. L.O. 8.5 15