DECOMPOSING THE ICT GAP USE GENDER GAP FOR FIVE LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES Aileen Agüero, Roxana Barrantes & Paulo Matos 02 de julio de 2019 centrolatam.digital

MOTIVATION #CPRLATAM2019 Decomposing the ICT use gender gap for five Latin American countries

CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación Even though women represent more than 50% of the total Latin American population, they face a set of barriers that derive into unequal conditions for them relative to their male peers. Women are overrepresented in lower income quintiles, in informal labour sectors & low-payment activities (ILO, 2016). Although, there have been significant advances towards gender equality in basic levels, women remain underrepresented in STEM fields. Particularly, at the highest levels of academic and professional hierarchies (Castillo, Grazzi & Tacsir, 2014). 3

Gender-based violence CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación Gender disadvantages towards women are also evident in the prevalence of entrenched discriminatory social norms and persistent structural barriers such as: Early motherhood Gender-based violence Gendered division of household labour, among others. The possibility to access and use the Internet is not evenly distributed between men and women (Gray et al., 2016). Factors such as the ones mentioned above could play a fundamental role in explaining gender differences in ICT use. 4

E-banking and E-commerce CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación However, the existing literature about this topic is scarce; such an analysis becomes more challenging when attempting to include all the different dimensions that ICT use involve: Mobile ownership Mobile use experience mobile apps use E-banking and E-commerce Internet use and type of Internet use, among others Moreover, an approach that includes several Latin American countries is more than relevant in understanding the complexities of the Information Society. 5

RESEARCH QUESTION #CPRLATAM2019 Decomposing the ICT use gender gap for five Latin American countries

What are the ICT gender gaps in five Latin American countries? CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación What are the ICT gender gaps in five Latin American countries? What are the factors that explain them? 7

EMPIRICAL STRATEGY #CPRLATAM2019 Decomposing the ICT use gender gap for five Latin American countries

Quantitative methodology based on a matching exercise. CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación To answer these questions, we are going to use as main input the After Access 2017 database that includes very specific information about ICT access and use for five Latin American countries (nationally, urban, rural statistical representation): Argentina Colombia Guatemala Paraguay Peru Quantitative methodology based on a matching exercise. 9

THE ICT INDEX FOR FIVE LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES Two sub-indexes and eight indicators #CPRLATAM2019 Decomposing the ICT use gender gap for five Latin American countries

11 CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación 11

12 CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación 12

DIFFERENCES BY COUNTRY AND GENDER #CPRLATAM2019 Decomposing the ICT use gender gap for five Latin American countries

CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación Index scale: 0 – 100. Source: After Access Survey 2017. Authors' own elaboration. 14

DIFFERENCES BY COUNTRY AND GENDER: GENDER GAPS #CPRLATAM2019 Decomposing the ICT use gender gap for five Latin American countries

CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación Index scale: 0 – 100. Source: After Access Survey 2017. Authors' own elaboration. 16

GENDER BARRIERS IN ICT #CPRLATAM2019 Decomposing the ICT use gender gap for five Latin American countries

CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación Exclusion from digital education: men have an advantage in digital technical higher education. Women usually are considered recipients of technologies, but not designers or creators. In some cases, they also lack the basic education necessary for using ICT adequately. Limited free time: in less-developed countries, women carry a heavy burden of family tasks compared to men, such as cooking, cleaning and childcare. This keeps them from being able to spend time using digital devices, let alone improving their digital skills. Social norms that favor men: in some social contexts, there are stereotypes that give men an advantage over women when it comes to acquiring ICT skills. For example, at home, men are the self-appointed regulators of electronic devices (computers, TV or cellular phones), or at work, ICT-intensive tasks are assigned to men instead of women. Financial and institutional constraints: on average, women tend to have fewer resources than men for securing loans. This relative lack of capital keeps women from being able to acquire electronic equipment on credit, which limits their ability to develop digital skills. 18

DECOMPOSING THE ICT GENDER GAP (IGG) Ñopo (2004) #CPRLATAM2019 Decomposing the ICT use gender gap for five Latin American countries

CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación Adapting the methodology used in Ñopo (2004), who analyses gender wage gaps in Peru, we decompose the IGG for each of the five countries under analysis. This methodology is based on a matching exercise between comparable women and men who share the same observed characteristics This methodology divides de gap in four main components: (1) The explained component. (2) The unexplained component & (3)/(4) Out of the common support component. ∆ = ∆ 𝑚 + ∆ 𝑋 + ∆ 0 + ∆ 𝑓 (1) 20

THE MODEL OF ICT ACCESS & USAGE Barrantes (2007); Mendonça et al. (2015); Wang (2015) #CPRLATAM2019 Decomposing the ICT use gender gap for five Latin American countries

22 CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación 22

THE EXPLAINED COMPONENT #CPRLATAM2019 Decomposing the ICT use gender gap for five Latin American countries

After Access Survey 2017. Authors' own elaboration. CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación After Access Survey 2017. Authors' own elaboration. 24

THE UNEXPLAINED COMPONENT #CPRLATAM2019 Decomposing the ICT use gender gap for five Latin American countries

26 CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación 26

THE ICT GENDER GAP DISTRIBUTION #CPRLATAM2019 Decomposing the ICT use gender gap for five Latin American countries

After Access Survey 2017. Authors' own elaboration. CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación After Access Survey 2017. Authors' own elaboration. 28

CONCLUSIONS #CPRLATAM2019 Decomposing the ICT use gender gap for five Latin American countries

CENTRO DE POLÍTICA DIGITAL PARA AMÉRICA LATINA Nombre de la presentación ICT access and use analysis is not gender-neutral, as there are important specific issues that prevent men and women from getting similar benefits. Particularly, Peru and Guatemala are the two countries that exhibit the largest ICT gender gap. Age, education, SEC, and occupation type are important factors that explain gender differences in ICT access and use. However, in countries like Peru and Guatemala, gender discrimination is still an important explanation. Finally, the ICT gender gap is heterogenous alongside the ICT index distribution. 30

roxbarrantes@iep.org.pe / barrantes.r@pucp.edu.pe aaguero@iep.org.pe roxbarrantes@iep.org.pe / barrantes.r@pucp.edu.pe pmatos@iep.org.pe centrolatam.digital