The World Between the Wars: 8/29/2019 7:35 AM The World Between the Wars: Anxiety, Depression and Fascism © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

Global Conflicts and Their Consequences 8/29/2019 7:35 AM Global Conflicts and Their Consequences Key Concept 6.2 © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

At the beginning of the 20th century… 8/29/2019 7:35 AM At the beginning of the 20th century… European dominated global political order USA, Russia, and Japan included People and states challenge; seek to redistribute power Ensuing power struggle © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

I. New Forms of Transregional Political Organization A. Common factors in the Decline Collapse due to a combination of internal and external forces Ottoman Empire, Qing China, and Russia Unsuccessful confrontations with western military forces Industrialized nations had better weapons; armies and navies Internal vulnerability Population pressures Declining crop production > famine

I. New Forms of Transregional Political Organization Falling income Technological stagnation Failure in military strength Corruption in government Peasant uprising Open to Western Intervention; disadvantage in dealing with foreigners.

The Death of a Dynasty (?)

B. Colonies negotiated their independence India from the British Empire

India – Britain's largest colony Most educated in urban areas of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta Saw increase of western educated natives; still faced discrimination, racism Sought self-government; eventually independence Fight over cotton; food shortages Indian National Congress developed (1885) Represented all Indians (not really) Radicals want fast track to independence; form New Party, with react violence

Mohandas Gandhi The “Mahatma” Nationalist leader Seen as a spiritual as well as political leader Civil disobedience > passive resistance Boycotts, hunger strikes, demonstrations Liked by moderates and radicals Satyagraha – hold fast to the truth Convert British to his views Strengthen the unity and sense of self –respect for his fellow citizens

B. Colonies negotiated their independence Gold Coast from the British Empire Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta Organized boycotts and strikes Lack of support of British colonialism Becomes first prime minister; then President for life Reforms help country, then spiral out of control Renamed country “Ghana” after former glory

C. Independence through armed struggle 8/29/2019 7:35 AM C. Independence through armed struggle Independence from France Algeria Fake promises lead to false hopes France offers dramatic changes, but no independence Vietnam French crush the rebellions, but educate the young using French ideas of nationhood and liberty Vietnam Revolutionary Youth League Ho Chi Minh leads © 2007 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Microsoft, Windows, Windows Vista and other product names are or may be registered trademarks and/or trademarks in the U.S. and/or other countries. The information herein is for informational purposes only and represents the current view of Microsoft Corporation as of the date of this presentation. Because Microsoft must respond to changing market conditions, it should not be interpreted to be a commitment on the part of Microsoft, and Microsoft cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information provided after the date of this presentation. MICROSOFT MAKES NO WARRANTIES, EXPRESS, IMPLIED OR STATUTORY, AS TO THE INFORMATION IN THIS PRESENTATION.

The division of the Middle East into mandatory states

II. Anti-Imperialism A. Nationalist leaders Mohandas Gandhi Ho Chi Minh Kwame Nkrumah B. Religious Movements Muhammad Ali-Jinnah Indian Muslim; founded Pakistan Partition and independence, 1947

II. Anti-Imperialism B. Regional Movements Québécois Separatist Movement Biafra Secessionist Movement Ethnic, economic, and cultural struggle of the Igbo people

C. Transnational movements Unite people across national boundaries Communism Social equality and collective living would be most fully developed Soviet Union, China, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia

C. Transnational movements Pan-Arabism Unification of Arab nations of the Middle East Cultural and literary renaissance Seeking independence from the Ottoman Empire Pan-Africanism Negritude Movement Black consciousness; celebrate African culture, heritage, and values African National Congress

D. Latin America decolonization Redistribute land and resources developed Africa Asia Latin America Concentration of wealth in the hands of a few and weak social justice for the working classes and indigenous peoples.

III. Demographic and social consequences A. Population Resettlements India/Pakistan partition Jawaharlal Nehru Muhammad Ali Jinnah Zionist Jewish settlement of Palestine 1917 – Arthur Balfour Jewish homeland in Palestine should be carved out of the Ottoman Empire Balfour Declaration

B. The Migration of former colonial subjects to imperial metropoles South Asians to Britain First and second generation South Asians living in Britain. Indian and Pakistani groups, Acculturation patterns Algerians to France Granted full citizenship Looking for employment Filipinos to the United States

C. Ethnic Violence The Holocaust Hitler’s “New Order” Soviet Union invasion; pure Aryan race would colonize area for land and food Final Solution – exterminate all of the Jewish people in Europe 1941 – begins to work on complete annihilation of Jew, Slavs, gypsies Initially, Jews were expelled from jobs and school Forced to live in ghettos Had to wear a star of David on clothing Some escape, some go into hiding Many sent to concentration camps Concentration Camps Hundreds of thousands of Jews are moved to labor camps (Buchenwald and Dachau) and death camps (Treblinka and Auschwitz) “Showers” - Gas chambers Starved Medical experiments Some resistance; runaways Nazis try to keep it a secret Remains until 1945

Rwanda (1994) Ethnic cleansing Hutu massacre of Tutsi Claims 750,000; millions of refugees US and UN intervene Spread to Congo

C. Displacement of Peoples Palestinians Partitioned Palestine into two states Jewish and Arab Arab refugees enter camps in Jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and the Gaza Strip Remains a political focal point of Arab politics. Darfurians Military coup in Sudan Displaces over 2 million people ; crossed border to Chad

Acts of Genocide or Ethnic Violence Armenians in Turkey During and after World War I Stems from 15th century Christian minority ruled by Muslim majority Helping Russians(?) Pogroms 1894 – 1896 Hamidian massacres - Sultan Abdul Hamid “I will soon settle those Armenians. I will give them a box on the ear which will make them…relinquish their revolutionary ambitions.” Grave threat to Ottoman Empire 600,000 – 1.5 million dead

Acts of Genocide or Ethnic Violence Cambodia during the 1970s Khmer Rouge regime Pol Pot https://www.baylor.edu/oralhistory/index.php?id=941060 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3cDsjA25bLo