Beam commissioning plans, 2007 and 2008 R.Bailey LHC Commissioning Working Group R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006 Overall commissioning strategy Commissioning for Stage I New schedule and consequences for 2007 2008 R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

Overall commissioning strategy for protons (estd. 2005) Stage I II III IV Hardware commissioning Machine checkout Beam commissioning 43 bunch operation 75ns ops 25ns ops I Install Phase II and MKB 25ns ops II No beam Beam Pilot physics run First collisions 43 bunches, no crossing angle, no squeeze, moderate intensities Push performance Performance limit 1032 cm-2 s-1 (event pileup) 75ns operation Establish multi-bunch operation, moderate intensities Relaxed machine parameters (squeeze and crossing angle) Push squeeze and crossing angle Performance limit 1033 cm-2 s-1 (event pileup) 25ns operation I Nominal crossing angle Push squeeze Increase intensity to 50% nominal Performance limit 2 1033 cm-2 s-1 25ns operation II Push towards nominal performance R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

Parameter evolution and rates All values for nominal emittance, 7TeV and 10m * in points 2 and 8 Parameters Beam levels Rates in 1 and 5 Rates in 2 (and 8) kb N * 1,5 (m) Ibeam proton Ebeam (MJ) Luminosity (cm-2s-1) Events/ crossing 43 4 1010 11 1.7 1012 2 1.1 1030 << 1 1.2 1030 0.15 6.1 1030 0.76 156 6.2 1012 7 2.2 1031 4.4 1030 9 1010 1.4 1013 16 1.1 1032 3.9 0.77 936 3.7 1013 42 2.4 1031 2.6 1031 1.3 1032 0.73 6 1010 5.6 1013 63 2.9 1032 1.6 6.0 1031 0.34 1 8.4 1013 94 1.2 1033 2808 1.1 1014 126 7.2 1031 7.9 1031 3.8 1032 0.72 5 1010 1.4 1014 157 1.1 1033 2.1 1.2 1032 0.24 0.55 1.9 1033 3.6 R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

Evolution of beam levels and luminosity stages I II & III 43/156 bunch operation 75ns operation 25ns operation I ~ 45% of nominal I ~ 25% of nominal I ~ 5% of nominal I R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

LHC Commissioning Working Group After discussions in early 2006 LHCCWG launched Develop detailed commissioning plan for Stage I Target: 43 on 43 with 4 1010 per bunch at * of 2m Leave 75ns and 25ns aspects for later Phase by phase Web based doc to start with Document later Report to LTC Activities 2006 Kicked off March 8th Meet ~ every 2 weeks 18 meetings to date Topics ~ followed chronology of startup Dealt with a number of other issues 1 Injection and First turn 2 Circulating beam, RF capture 3 450 GeV: initial commissioning 4 450 GeV: detailed measurements 5 450 GeV: 2 beams 6 Nominal cycle 7 Snapback – single beam 8 Ramp – single beam 9 Single beam at physics energy 10 Two beams to physics energy 11 Physics 12 Commission squeeze 13 Physics partially squeezed R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

LHC Commissioning Working Group R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

New Master Planning – October 2007 R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

New Master Planning – the business end of 2007 Need to allocate 4 weeks for the power tests of Sector 1-2 Need to allocate periods for the commissioning of the access system Access Control System – Global Test Full Machine Checkout R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006 Beam commissioning to 450 GeV & Engineering run

New Master Planning – main points for commissioning Power tests on magnet circuits Sectors 78, 81, 45 fully hardware commissioned Cycled to 7.2TeV with full protection systems 7-8 8-1 kept on standby below 80K after HWC 3-4 4-5 kept at nominal operating temperature after HWC Sectors 34, 56, 67 hardware commissioned for 450GeV Cycled to ~1TeV with limited protection systems Kept at nominal operating temperature after HWC Sector 23, 12 hardware commissioned for 450GeV just in time All special function equipment has been tested to 450GeV and more Transfer lines, Injection systems, Extraction systems RF, BI, Collimators RP systems, MP systems (users) Vacuum closed end August 2007 Global test of Access Control System October 2007 Engineering run in 2007 Need soon to get into the details of late 2007 … cooling down, vacuum system, power tests, operation tests, access tests, beam R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

LHC Commissioning Sequence 2007 and 2008 Machine is closed ↓ Minimum hardware commissioning Nov/Dec 2007: Beam operation with collisions at 450 GeV Full hardware commissioning and installation of some delayed equipment for 7 TeV (e.g. some collimators) LHC commissioning for 7 TeV physics LHC High Energy Operation R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

Hardware Commissioning Engineering run in 2007 Installation Hardware Commissioning 450GeV Engineering Run Machine checkout 450GeV Beam commissioning Collisions 450GeV Ramp commissioning Aims: Commission essential safety systems Commission essential beam instrumentation Commission essential hardware systems Perform beam based measurements to check: Polarities Aperture Field characteristics Establish stable two beam operations Provide collisions Interleave with further machine development, in particular, the ramp Should provide a firm platform for eventual commissioning to 7 TeV and provide lead time for problem resolution. R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

450GeV run - Machine Configuration Crossing angles off 1, 12, 43, 156 bunches Separation bumps on 2 beam operation Optics β*= 11m in IR 1 & 5 β*= 10m in IR 2 & 8 Transverse beam sizes 290 µm at 1 and 5 277 µm at 2 and 8 Shift bunches for LHCb 4 out of 43 bunches 16 bunches out of 156 Nominal bunch length: 11.24 cm (8 MV) Later shortened with higher RF voltage (16 MV) Solenoids & Exp. Dipoles etc. off (to start with) LHC 25 ns ISR 75 ns Tevatron HERA 156 b SNS 43 b LEP2 Working area 2007 run R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

450GeV run - Vacuum At nominal, the beam lifetime due to residual gas ~ 100 h In late 2007 No beam conditioning Bake out may well be incomplete For unbaked vacuum systems (only sputter ion pumps) Dominated by H2O Requires several weeks of pump down Targets (Chamonix 06)  ~ 35h in 2007  ~ 50h in 2008 After 3 months of pump down, the pressure is ~ 10-8 Torr R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006 450GeV run - Collimators Lower intensity, lower energy, reduced demands Bigger beams, Un-squeezed Aperture limitation is the arcs, in particular DS With low beam intensity: Primary collimators: 6σ Secondary collimators: out Tertiary collimators: out Absorbers: out TCDQ: 10σ TDI: out With optimistic beam intensity: Primary collimators: 5.7σ Secondary collimators: 6.7σ Tertiary collimators: out Absorbers: out TCDQ: 9σ TDI: 6.8σ See Ralph Assmann’s talk tomorrow R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006 450 GeV Phases Phase 1 First turn 2 Establish circulating beam 3 450 GeV – initial 4a 450 GeV - measurements 4b 450 GeV – system commissioning 5a Two beam operations 5b Collisions 6 Increase intensity R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006 First Turn Commissioning for 7 TeV 450 GeV Team Sub-phase Total Time both rings Priority 450 GeV Collisions BT/OP Commission TI8 & TI2 end transfer line, Commission injection region: kickers, septa, check aperture, instrumentation, beam to TDI. 24 1 Essential OP/BI Commission trajectory acquisition and correction, thread beam - first turn, energy matching 48 BI Commission Beam Loss Monitor system phase 1 12 Parasitic OP/AP Orbit response, kicks, trajectory, BPM and corrector polarity checks OP Initial aperture checks 16 Leave Momentum aperture 6 COL Setting up of injection machine protection 2 6 days 4 days R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006 Circulating beam Sub-phase Total Time both rings Priority 450 GeV Collisions OP/AP Adjust chromaticity, close trajectory, establish multiple turns, obtain closed orbit 24 1 Essential OP/RF Energy matching and correction, B-sps, f-lhc, B-lhc   - both rings, RF capture 32 Measure integer tunes, fractional tunes, phase advance per turn 16 3 days R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006 450 GeV - initial Team Sub-phase Total Time both rings Priority 450 GeV Collisions RF Beam control loops (Phase, Synchro, Radial). Tuner loop, RF Feedback loop. Synchronisation 24 1 Essential OP/AP Test control and correction (corrector polarities, cabling, control system, software, procedures …).  Measure & correct orbit. 16 OP/BI Commission transverse diagnostics - tune measurement [FFT].  Measure and adjust tunes, chromaticity, and coupling. Linear optics checks: check orbit versus kick, phase advance, BPM and corrector polarity. MD BI Commission beam loss monitors - acquisition, display etc. No connection to BIC for the moment. 12 Parasitic BT Commission beam dump - phase 1 Commission BCTs: lifetime measurement - MPS Commission beam interlock system with beam - phase 1. BIC to dump with beam. Test. 8 5 days 3 days R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006 450 GeV - Measurements Team Sub-phase Total Time both rings Priority 450 GeV Collisions BT Matching between TI8/TI2 and ring. Pilots. 8 2 Leave AP/OP Measure beta beating. Identify and correct local sources of phase advance errors. 16 1 Do MA/OP Check key transfer functions (separation dipoles etc.) Later [MD] Mechanical aperture checks. Bumps – check the aperture in the cold machine Essential OP/MA Field quality checks. Check design fields, field harmonics, fields due to offsets between beam and magnet ≤ b3 OP Momentum aperture IR bumps, check aperture in IRs OP/AP Reproducibility after cycling machine. Effect of magnetic cycle, reproducibility, field model BI/AP Quench levels and BLM response 24 5 days 1-2 days R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

450 GeV - System commissioning Team Sub-phase Total Time both rings Priority 450 GeV Collisions RF Loop adjustment 8 1 Do Transverse damper 2 Leave Longitudinal feedback BI Transverse profile monitors Parasitic Commission beam loss monitors - phase 2, calibration, thresholds. Commission the BLM's around the collimators. Link to BIC 16 Tune - PLL OP Closed orbit feedback Do later COL Adjustment of collimators, orbit stabilization, test positioning procedures, beam loss monitors. 36 Essential for Intensity increase BT TDI. Position, angle, interlocks Essential TCDQ orbit at 6, position, angle, interlocks MPS FMCM 4 Test Safe LHC Parameters: Safe Beam Flag, Beam Presence Flag, Safe LHC mode, Safe Energy, Safe Squeezing Factor (parasitic) 7 days 2-3 days R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006 2 beam operation Team Sub-phase Total Time Priority 450 GeV Collisions OP SPS - switch rings - TI8/TI2 in parallel – LHC injection 8 1 Parasitic OP/BT Commission separation bumps. Closure of bumps. Check aperture. Check injection region. 16 Essential OP/AP Effect of bumps - dispersion, non-closure 2 Leave BI Beam parameters: Q split, Q' split, coupling, Beam instrumentation: BLMs, BPMs cross talk etc. Do Control system: real-time feedback, orbit correction, orthogonality etc., energy matching - 2 rings 2 days 1 Day R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006 Colliding beams Team Sub-phase Total Time Priority OP Separation bump reduction, check interaction with orbit feedback: points 1,2,5 & 8. Establish collisions 4*8 Essential BI Commission luminosity monitors (v. low interaction rates) 8 Parasitic COL Collimation setup - Optimisation Commission spectrometer compensation (compensation at 450 GeV?). Bring solenoids on. 2*8 2 days 1-2 days R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

Some opportunities for parallel development and parasitic studies Overall time Phase Beam time [days] Beam 1 First turn 4 1 x Pilot 2 Establish circulating beam 3 450 GeV – initial 1 x Pilot++ 4a 450 GeV - consolidation 1-2 4b 450 GeV – system commissioning 2-3 5a 2 beam operations 2 x Pilot++ 5b Collisions 2 x Pilot++  16 days Given an operational efficiency of 60%, this gives an elapsed time of about 26 days. Some opportunities for parallel development and parasitic studies R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006 Performance at 450GeV Kb 43 156 ib (1010) 2 4 10 * 1 5 (m) 11 intensity per beam 8.6 1011 1.7 1012 6.2 1012 1.6 1013 beam energy (MJ) .06 .12 .45 1.1 Luminosity 1 5 2 1028 7 1028 2.6 1029 1.6 1030 event rate 1 1 5 (kHz) 0.7 2.8 65 W rate 2 1 5 (per 24h) 0.8 3 70 Z rate 3 1 5 (per 24h) 0.08 0.3 7 Assuming 450GeV inelastic cross section 40mb Assuming 450GeV cross section W → lν 1nb Assuming 450GeV cross section Z → ll 100pb R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

Hardware commissioning Beyond 2007 Stage I II III 2008 Hardware commissioning 7TeV Machine checkout Beam commissioning 43 bunch operation 75ns ops 25ns ops I Shutdown No beam Beam 2009 III Shutdown Machine checkout 7TeV Beam setup 25ns ops I No beam Beam R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

Should benefit from 450 GeV run Aiming to do this in around 2 months. Full commissioning Rings Total [days] both rings 1 Injection and first turn 2 6 Circulating beam 3 450 GeV - initial 5 4 450 GeV - detailed 12 450 GeV - two beams Snapback - single beam 7 Ramp - single beam 8 Ramp - both beams 9 7 TeV - setup for physics 10 Physics un-squeezed -   TOTAL to first collisions 45 11 Commission squeeze Increase Intensity 13 Set-up physics - partially squeezed. 14 Pilot physics run Should benefit from 450 GeV run Aiming to do this in around 2 months. R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

LHC Hardware Commissioning to 7TeV LHC Beam Commissioning 2008 draft schedule 3 month shutdown (no beam) 4 weeks checkout (no beam) 8 weeks beam commissioning 26 weeks physics run (protons) 20 days physics 4 days MD 3 days technical stop LHC Hardware Commissioning to 7TeV LHC Machine Checkout LHC Beam Commissioning LHC Physics run LHC Physics run R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006 Summary – aims for 2007 Commission 450GeV machine Multiple bunches (43) circulating in each ring Single beam lifetimes ~ 30h Injection optics (β*= 11 m in IR 1 & 5, β*= 10 m in IR 2 & 8) No squeeze No crossing angle Collisions Secondary aims Commission ramp to 1TeV Commission crossing angle Commission 75ns beams R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006

(106 seconds @ <L> of 1033 cm-2 s-1 → 1 fb-1) Summary – aims for 2008 Commission high energy operation Aim for 7TeV (magnets will decide) 43 /156 bunch running No squeeze to start Then commission partial squeeze (aim for 2m) 75ns running 25ns running High 1032 cm-2 s-1 is in reach 100+ days for physics R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006 (106 seconds @ <L> of 1033 cm-2 s-1 → 1 fb-1)

R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006 Plan B R.Bailey, LHCMAC, December 2006