Psychological Disorders Psychology 40S C. McMurray Source: PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition) David Myers

Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Obsessive Compulsive Disorders and Related Disorders Mood Disorders Dissociative Disorders Schizophrenia Personality Disorders

Defining Psychological Disorders Mental health workers view psychological disorders as persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions. When behavior is deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional psychiatrists and psychologists label it as disordered OBJECTIVE 1| Identify criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered.

DSM - 5 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition Standard classification of mental disorders used by mental health professionals Contains criteria for every psychiatric disorder Purpose: to create a common language for health care providers who diagnose mental illnesses First DSM was published in 1952 Changes to DSM

1. Anxiety Disorders Examples: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Phobias Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.

Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms: Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension. Autonomic arousal. Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings. OBJECTIVE 6| Contrast the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.

Anxiety Disorders: Phobia Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior.

Anxiety Disorder: Panic Disorder Panic Disorder Symptoms: Minute-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations. Anxiety is a component of both disorders. It occurs more in the panic disorder, making people avoid situations that cause it.

Stress and Trauma related Disorders (Formerly under Anxiety Disorders) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Haunting memories 2. Nightmares 3. Social withdrawal 4. Jumpy anxiety 5. Sleep problems Bettmann/ Corbis

2. Obsessive Compulsive Disorders and Related Disorders DSM-5 added a new category of disorders called Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders (OCRDs) The OCRDs category includes the familiar obsessive-compulsive disorder. It also includes two newly defined disorders with obsessive-compulsive features. These are hoarding disorder and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder. Also included in the new OCRD category are body dysmorphic disorder (previously classified as a Somatoform Disorder) and trichotillomania (hair-pulling, previously classified as an Impulse Control Disorder Not Elsewhere Classified).

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions) that cause distress. OBJECTIVE 8| Describe the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

3. Mood Disorders Examples: Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorder

Mood Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder Depression is the “common cold” of psychological disorders.

Mood Disorders: Major Depressive Disorder Major depressive disorder occurs when signs of depression last two weeks or more and are not caused by drugs or medical conditions. Signs include: Lethargy and fatigue Feelings of worthlessness Loss of interest in family & friends Loss of interest in activities

Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder Formerly called manic-depressive disorder. An alternation between depression and mania signals bipolar disorder. Depressive Symptoms Manic Symptoms Gloomy Elation Withdrawn Euphoria Inability to make decisions Desire for action Tired Hyperactive Slowness of thought Multiple ideas

Mood Disorders: Bipolar Disorder 1 and 2 Depression and Manic episodes During manic episodes of bipolar 1 disorder, you may become delusional and/or suffer from hallucinations, which are symptoms of psychosis. If this occurs, the condition is called bipolar I with psychotic features. Bipolar I can seriously impair your day-to-day functioning. (About Health: http://bipolar.about.com/cs/faqs/f/faq_bp1.htm) Bipolar 2: Depression and Hypomanic episodes During hypomanic episodes, a few of the most common symptoms are: Not needing a lot of sleep, but not being tired Having more energy than usual Risky behavior, such as reckless spending Grandiosity, pressured speech and/or racing thoughts Cyclothymic Disorder (About Health: http://bipolar.about.com/cs/faqs/f/faq_bp2.htm)

4. Dissociative Disorder Conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. Symptoms Having a sense of being unreal. OBJECTIVE 11| Describe the symptoms of dissociative disorders, and explain why some critics are skeptical about dissociative identity disorder. 2. Being separated from the body. 3. Watching yourself as if in a movie.

Example: Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Is a disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities, formerly called multiple personality disorder.

5. Schizophrenia If depression is the common cold of psychological disorders, schizophrenia is the cancer. Nearly 1 in a 100 suffer from schizophrenia, and throughout the world over 24 million people suffer from this disease Schizophrenia strikes young people as they mature into adults. It affects men and women equally, but men suffer from it more severely than women.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia The literal translation is “split mind.” A group of severe disorders characterized by the following: Disorganized and delusional thinking. Disturbed perceptions. Inappropriate emotions and actions. Delusions – false beliefs

Disturbed Perceptions A person with schizophrenia may perceive things that are not there (hallucinations). Frequently such hallucinations are auditory. Photos of paintings by Krannert Museum, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign August Natter, Witches Head. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg L. Berthold, Untitled. The Prinzhorn Collection, University of Heidelberg

Auditory Hallucinations “This is designed to provide the listener with some understanding of what it might be like to experience auditory hallucinations. Content in this presentation is based on things our clients tell us they hear through my experience as a mental health outreach worker.” (Jarrad Wale) Auditory hallucinations

6. Personality Disorders Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

Example: Antisocial Personality Disorder A disorder in which the person (usually men) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. Formerly, this person was called a sociopath or psychopath.

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