Images of Apartheid in South Africa CHY4U Unit 4 Images of Apartheid in South Africa

Historical Segregation Since colonial times under British control (late 1800s), blacks and whites had been separated 10:1 population difference between majority blacks and ruling whites Racial separation sign South Africa History. (n.d.). Grade 9 Apartheid. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/hands-on-classroom/classroom/pages/projects/grade9/lesson6/lesson-feature-link.htm

Apartheid Policy Official policy of separation of the races from 1948 to 1994 under the National Party Separation of all public facilities (buses, beaches, hospitals, parks, etc.), education, residential areas Illegal to intermarry, have interracial sex Sign designating separate public places Apartheid South Africa. (n.d.). History of South Africa. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from http://www.southafrica.to/history/Apartheid/apartheid.htm

Pass Book Police check pass book, 1950 Pass Book, 1970 Blacks had to show it to move around the country They could only live in black areas (outside main cities) Blacks lost citizenship when they were required to carry pass books Police check pass book, 1950 Pass Book, 1970 PBS. (n.d.). Masterpiece: Endgame apartheid timeline. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/endgame/timeline.html; Smith, D. (2009, Sept. 8). In the black and white rainbow nation, colour and class still count. Guardian. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from guardian.co.uk

Economic Inequality Standard of living for whites was amongst the highest in the world Diamonds 1860s Gold 1880s Income per person in 1987: for whites 14 880 Rand (currency) for blacks 1246 Rand South African History. (n.d.). Grade 9 Apartheid Retrieved April 6, 2010 from http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/hands-on-classroom/classroom/pages/projects/grade9/lesson6/07-repression-growth.htm Soweto shacks in the 1970s

Resistance to Apartheid Sharpeville 1960: 69 people killed protesting pass laws Protestors marched to the police station to “turn themselves in” after leaving their pass books at home - ANC banned after this Mass action during 1980s - intense pressure, constant resistance and demonstrations Sharpeville, 1960

Soweto Soweto uprising 1976: began with peaceful Black student protests against a new law that said they had to be taught in the Afrikaans language. Two kids were hit by bullets and died. Resulting riots lasted over a year and 500 people died. South Africa History. (n.d.). Grade 9 Apartheid. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/hands-on-classroom/classroom/pages/projects/grade9/lesson6/07-repression-growth.htm

Biko Stephen Biko led Black Consciousness Movement “The most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed.” Biko Stephen Biko led Black Consciousness Movement Tried to instill Black pride and self-reliance in the face of relentless belittling by the government Helped organize the Soweto uprising in 1976 He died in police custody in 1977 after being beaten to death

Resistance con’t Free Mandela badge, 1984 Freedom Charter, 1955 BBC News. (n.d.). Wearing your heart on your sleeve. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from bbc.co.uk

Resistance, con’t United Democratic Front campaigns South Africa History. (n.d.). Grade 9 Apartheid. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/hands-on-classroom/classroom/pages/projects/grade9/lesson6/07-repression-growth.htm

Nelson Mandela African National Congress leader sent to prison in 1963 for life after being convicted of sabotage willing to use force released from prison in 1990 Mandela in his early years South Africa History Online. (n.d.). Nelson Mandela. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from www.sahistory.org.za

Mandela con’t “The white government must legalize us, treat us like a political party and negotiate with us. Until they do we will have to live with the armed struggle. It is useless to simply carry on talking.” 1960 Mandela voting in 1994 African National Congress. (2010). Documents: photos of leaders. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from http://www.anc.org.za/show.php?doc=ancdocs/history/images/nmvoting.jpg

“Our march to freedom is irreversible.” Released from Prison “Our march to freedom is irreversible.” Nelson Mandela upon being released from prison after serving 27 years (1964-1990) Nelson Mandela Foundation. (2010). Commemorating 18 years of freedom. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from http://www.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/news/article/commemorating_18_years_of_freedom/

Sanctions In the late 1970s Canada enacted economic sanctions against South Africa; raised to a higher level in 1985 In 1985 the European Economic Community banned oil sales, arm sales to South Africa and future nuclear cooperation with the country

Ending Apartheid Massive pressure built up, both from within the country and from outside (sanctions, boycotts, etc.) 1994 universal suffrage election is held ANC wins Mandela becomes president UN Photo: News and Media. (2009). Apartheid – South Africa holds first all race elections. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from http://www.unmultimedia.org/photo/detail.jsp?key=7&query=subject:Apartheid&lang=

Years Later Mandela Reflects on Freedom Entrance to Robben Island prison Mandela shows US President Bill Clinton his former cell in 1996 The Mirror. (2010). Nelson Mandela: a life in pictures. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from www.mirror.co.uk; South African History. (n.d.). Grade 9: Apartheid. Retrieved April 6, 2010 from http://www.sahistory.org.za/pages/hands-on-classroom/classroom/pages/projects/grade9/lesson6/05-repression-1960s.htm

Dealing with the Past TRC = Truth and Reconciliation Commission established to help South Africa avoid the cycle of revenge and violence, come together as one nation led by Anglican Archbishop Desmond Tutu Mandela and Tutu