What Does the Calculation of Pi Tell Us about the Trustworthiness of Computers?
The steps of scientific computation
The steps of scientific computation Observation of nature
The steps of scientific computation Observation of nature Construction of a mathematical model
The steps of scientific computation Observation of nature Construction of a mathematical model Selection of a computational method to solve the mathematical formulation
The steps of scientific computation Observation of nature Construction of a mathematical model Selection of a computational method to solve the mathematical formulation Program the method
The steps of scientific computation Observation of nature Construction of a mathematical model Selection of a computational method to solve the mathematical formulation Program the method Execute the program and display the results
The steps of scientific computation Observation of nature Construction of a mathematical model Selection of a computational method to solve the mathematical formulation Program the method Execute the program and display the results Interpret the results and compare to observations
The steps of scientific computation Observation of nature Construction of a mathematical model Selection of a computational method to solve the mathematical formulation Program the method Execute the program and display the results Interpret the results and compare to observations (Possibly) Refine
3. 14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 41971 69399 37510 58209 74944 59230 78164 06286 20899 86280 34825 34211 70680
2 2.828427124746190
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134 25 3.142451272494134
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134 25 3.142451272494134 26 3.162277660168380
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134 25 3.142451272494134 26 3.162277660168380 27 3.162277660168380
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134 25 3.142451272494134 26 3.162277660168380 27 3.162277660168380 28 3.464101615137754
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134 25 3.142451272494134 26 3.162277660168380 27 3.162277660168380 28 3.464101615137754 29 4.000000000000000
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134 25 3.142451272494134 26 3.162277660168380 27 3.162277660168380 28 3.464101615137754 29 4.000000000000000 30 0.000000000000000
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134 25 3.142451272494134 26 3.162277660168380 27 3.162277660168380 28 3.464101615137754 29 4.000000000000000 30 0.000000000000000 31 0.000000000000000
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134 25 3.142451272494134 26 3.162277660168380 27 3.162277660168380 28 3.464101615137754 29 4.000000000000000 30 0.000000000000000 31 0.000000000000000 32 0.000000000000000
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134 25 3.142451272494134 26 3.162277660168380 27 3.162277660168380 28 3.464101615137754 29 4.000000000000000 30 0.000000000000000 31 0.000000000000000 32 0.000000000000000 2.828427124746190
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134 25 3.142451272494134 26 3.162277660168380 27 3.162277660168380 28 3.464101615137754 29 4.000000000000000 30 0.000000000000000 31 0.000000000000000 32 0.000000000000000 2.828427124746190 3.061467458920719
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134 25 3.142451272494134 26 3.162277660168380 27 3.162277660168380 28 3.464101615137754 29 4.000000000000000 30 0.000000000000000 31 0.000000000000000 32 0.000000000000000 2.828427124746190 3.061467458920719 3.121445152258053
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134 25 3.142451272494134 26 3.162277660168380 27 3.162277660168380 28 3.464101615137754 29 4.000000000000000 30 0.000000000000000 31 0.000000000000000 32 0.000000000000000 2.828427124746190 3.061467458920719 3.121445152258053 3.136548490545940 3.140331156954753 3.141277250932773 3.141513801144301 3.141572940367091 3.141587725277160
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134 25 3.142451272494134 26 3.162277660168380 27 3.162277660168380 28 3.464101615137754 29 4.000000000000000 30 0.000000000000000 31 0.000000000000000 32 0.000000000000000 2.828427124746190 3.061467458920719 3.121445152258053 3.136548490545940 3.140331156954753 3.141277250932773 3.141513801144301 3.141572940367091 3.141587725277160 3.141591421511200 3.141592345570118 3.141592576584872 3.141592634338563 3.141592648776985 3.141592652386591
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134 25 3.142451272494134 26 3.162277660168380 27 3.162277660168380 28 3.464101615137754 29 4.000000000000000 30 0.000000000000000 31 0.000000000000000 32 0.000000000000000 2.828427124746190 3.061467458920719 3.121445152258053 3.136548490545940 3.140331156954753 3.141277250932773 3.141513801144301 3.141572940367091 3.141587725277160 3.141591421511200 3.141592345570118 3.141592576584872 3.141592634338563 3.141592648776985 3.141592652386591 3.141592653288992 3.141592653514593 3.141592653570993 3.141592653585093 3.141592653588618 3.141592653589499 3.141592653589719 3.141592653589774 3.141592653589788 3.141592653589792
2 2.828427124746190 3 3.061467458920719 4 3.121445152258053 5 3.136548490545941 6 3.140331156954739 7 3.141277250932757 8 3.141513801144145 9 3.141572940367883 10 3.141587725279961 11 3.141591421504635 12 3.141592345611077 13 3.141592576545004 14 3.141592633463248 15 3.141592654807589 16 3.141592645321215 17 3.141592607375720 18 3.141592910939673 19 3.141594125195191 20 3.141596553704820 21 3.141596553704820 22 3.141674265021758 23 3.141829681889202 24 3.142451272494134 25 3.142451272494134 26 3.162277660168380 27 3.162277660168380 28 3.464101615137754 29 4.000000000000000 30 0.000000000000000 31 0.000000000000000 32 0.000000000000000 2.828427124746190 3.061467458920719 3.121445152258053 3.136548490545940 3.140331156954753 3.141277250932773 3.141513801144301 3.141572940367091 3.141587725277160 3.141591421511200 3.141592345570118 3.141592576584872 3.141592634338563 3.141592648776985 3.141592652386591 3.141592653288992 3.141592653514593 3.141592653570993 3.141592653585093 3.141592653588618 3.141592653589499 3.141592653589719 3.141592653589774 3.141592653589788 3.141592653589792 3.141592653589793
The steps of scientific computation Observation of nature Construction of a mathematical model Selection of a computational method to solve the mathematical formulation Program the method Execute the program and display the results Interpret the results and compare to observations (Possibly) Refine