United States History 8th Grade Mr. Guiel Final Exam Review

What were some positive and negative effects of the Columbian Exchange

The First People in America Got here two ways… Adapted to surroundings Land Ownership??? What killed most Native Americans?

Early European Explorers How did the Renaissance affect European exploration? More learning = more knowledge about what’s out there and more improvements in sailing How did the Reformation affect exploration? Two religions = competition What were the three main goals of European exploration (3 G’s)? Gold, God, Glory Spain, England, and France pursue mercantilism…differently

The English Establish 13 Colonies Jamestown = 1st Successful Attempt 1607 1st Representative Assembly (House of Burgesses) Pocahontas John Smith was a leader Plymouth = 1620 Separatists Religious Reasons Pilgrims and 1st Thanksgiving Squanto and Samoset helped Mayflower Compact Modern Boston Puritans “A City Set Upon a Hill” John Winthrop

The New England, Middle, & Southern Colonies How were the three regions different? What made them start working together? French and Indian War (us, England, and Iroqouis vs French, Huron, and Algonquin) What did Franklin want? The Colonies were vulnerable because they were not united. England needs to help us too

Immune to European disease Knew European growing techniques already What caused the increase in the use of African slaves in European colonies? Immune to European disease Knew European growing techniques already 1. What region had the highest number of slaves? 2. What was the Middle Passage? How many died here?

Colonial Resistance Grows Proclamation Line of 1763 Sugar Act of 1764 Quartering Act of 1765 Stamp Act of 1765 Declaratory Act of 1766 Townshend Acts of 1767 Writs of Assistance The Boston Massacre The Tea Act of 1773 The Intolerable/ Coercive Acts of 1774 Who were Sons of Liberty? What did the Continental Congress do and who were some of the key members? “No taxation without representation!” means what?

The War for Independence (Revolutionary War/American Revolution) Beginning? End? Turning Point? Misery at Valley Forge turns into good news What significant advantages did the USA have over England? Difficulties?

The Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson July 4th, 1776 A “long train of abuses” to explain how British Government is guilty of a “breach of contract” Reasons why we are separating “…We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator will certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness…”

Confederation to Constitution Why replace the Articles of Confederation? How did Federalists and Anti-Federalists disagree on how to fix these problems? What are Strict and Loose Constructionists and who became which?

Convention Compromises

The Constitution, written 1787 Preamble: Why does this Constitution exist? Articles 1-7: Ground rules for government Amendments 1-10: Bill of Rights added in 1790 Amendments 11-27: Added occasionally over next 200 years “…in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty…”

The United States Constitution Seven Principles of the Constitution Popular Sovereignty – a government in which the people rule. Republicanism – “representative democracy” the people elect representatives to make laws and exercise the powers of government. Federalism – a system of government in which power is divided between a central government and smaller political units, such as states. Separation of Powers – the division of basic government roles into branches. Checks and Balances – each branch of government can exercise checks, or controls, over the other branches. Limited Government – “rule of law” in the American government everyone, citizens and powerful leaders alike, must obey the law Individual Rights – personal liberties and privileges; the Bill of Rights.