Body Organization (pg 119) List and describe the properties of life. Describe the organization of the body from the smallest unit to the largest. List the structures of the human cell and describe the functions of each. Briefly describe the four main types of tissues in the body. List the 12 body systems and a brief description.

Body Organization Anatomy Physiology Study of structure of the body Study of function of the body

Body Structures Organized on four levels Cells Smallest unit Vary in shape and size Perform various functions

Body Structures Tissues Combinations of similar cells Composed of 60-99% water

Body Structures Organs Tissues working together Heart Stomach Lungs

Body Structures Body systems Organs working together

Cells Most basic unit of life

Cell Functions Take in food and oxygen Produce heat and energy Move and adapt to environment Eliminate waste Perform special functions Reproduce

Cell membrane Completely surrounds cell Semi permeable Selective in allowing certain substances to either enter or exit the cell

Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance within cell Contains nutrients, water, pigment Site for all chemical reactions

Nucleus Surrounded by a nuclear membrane containing pores Controls vital functions of metabolism, growth, and reproduction of the cell Contain cell’s DNA which determines physical characteristics

Nucleolus Located within nucleus Important in cell reproduction Ribosomes formed to aid in production of protein Exist freely in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum

Endoplasmic Reticulum Continuation of outer nuclear membrane Tubular structures allows for transport of material in and out of nucleus Rough ER: synthesis and storage of proteins Smooth ER: synthesis of lipids and membrane proteins

Centrosomes Produce microtubules responsible for separating replicated chromosomes into two daughter cells

Mitochondria “Powerhouse” of cell Release energy responsible for chemical reactions within cell Recycle and decompose fats and carbs to produce ATP

Golgi Apparatus Staci of membrane layers Produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell

Lysosomes Aid in digestion of nutrients, old cells, and foreign material

Vacuole Membrane-bound sacs Used for storage, intracellular digestion, waste removal

Cell Division Meiosis Cellular division of human reproductive organs Specific for ovaries and testes only

Cell Division Mitosis Cellular division for all other body cells i.e. skin

Tissues Formed by group of similar cells Epithelial tissue Main tissue of skin Lines body cavities and passageways leading to outside of body Forms glands which produce hormones

Tissues Connective tissue Supports and connects other tissues and part Soft connective tissue Adipose Blood Hard connective tissue Bone and Cartilage Ligaments

Tissues Nerve tissue Made of neurons Carries information between brain and body Composed of brain, nerves, and spinal cord

Tissues Muscle tissue Responsible for body movement Three types Skeletal Attached to bones for movement voluntary Cardiac Causes heart to contract involuntary

Tissues Visceral (smooth) Found mainly in organs involuntary

Organs Formed by combining of two or more tissues to perform a specific function Combining of body structures to perform a common function is a SYSTEM

Body Systems Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Respiratory Cover body Lines body cavities Skeletal Framework of support/protection Muscular Controls movement of body Respiratory Exhange of gases between air and blood

Body Systems Urinary Digestive Nervous Endocrine Filters blood an removes waste Digestive Process food and eliminate waste Nervous Regulates activities of all body systems Endocrine Coordinates through hormones

Body Systems Sensory Reproductive Lymphatic Perception of environment Provides for reproduction Lymphatic Fight disease