Chemical Content Prof. Dr. Ir. Ab Stevels, M.A.h.c. Chair of Applied EcoDesign Design for Sustainability Lab Industrial Design Engineering Delft University of Technology Stevels@xs4all.nl August 30, 2019

Outline Why consider chemical content Drivers Enablers Hazardous and environmentally relevant substances The Philips Approach of Chemical Content Societal discussions: example lead free soldering Conclusions August 30, 2019

Why consider Chemical content ? August 30, 2019

Life Cycle Design of Electronic Products Focal area Life cycle Impact Synergy with EOL Energy consumption 50%-80% - (occas. +) Material & parts 10%-40% - Packaging and transport Approx. 10% End-of-life Max. 5% + August 30, 2019

The role of Substances / Chemical Content Role is functionality Flame retardants Solder Additives in plastics Corrosion protection Components functionality (“dopes”, electrolytes) “Smaller, smarter, lighter, stronger” Keep functionality / Life cycle perspective in mind! August 30, 2019

Why consider chemical content? Drivers Customer Health and safety aspects Emotion about chemicals Legislation/regulation Grey and black lists Waste problems NGO’s/ consumer organizations Chemical content ranks very high on priority lists Company focussed actions August 30, 2019

Why consider chemical content? Enablers Science and technology More insight in potential toxicity and hazardousness Avaliability alternatives (lead-free, halogen free) Suppliers Move in the field (as well) Cost / quality Effects on sales End-of-life costs, recyclability August 30, 2019

Hazardous and Environmentally Relevant Substances August 30, 2019

Know what your talking about What substances are in your product? What is the chemical form, what are the concentrations? What is the opinion/perception of the outside world? How can we improve? Eliminate Substitute Lower concentration August 30, 2019

Actual Issues in chemical content (Europe) Cadmium: check by EU on 100 ppm level Blockage Sony Playstation at EU borders Brominated flame retardants: external fire safety Letters of fire marshals Exposure in press (Philips) Action of Greenpeace against has stopped (safety prevails Lead-free soldering: EU Directive Japanese companies reaped positive free publicity August 30, 2019

Actual Issues in chemical content (US) Lead-free solder: What to do? Export of electronic waste to third world countries Actions of Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition Basel Action Network, others Classification of CRT’s as hazardous waste Action in MA, other states August 30, 2019

Hazardous and environmentally relevant substances, I Five types of hazardous 1. Scientifically proven to be hazardous in a certain form and a certain concentration for humans, animals and/or ecosphere 2. Likely to be hazardous according to 1 but not proven (precautionary principle applies) 3. Legislated / regulated by authorities ‘hazardousness’ (=legal opinion) 4. Banned by companies because of ‘hazardousness’ (=company policy) 5. Perceived to be hazardous by environmental organisations and/or parts of general public/customers August 30, 2019

Hazardous and environmentally relevant substances, II Examples of hazardous categories 1. Mercury, dioxin 2. Brominated flame retardants, CFC (ozone depleting) 3. CRT’s in the USA, CFC (ozone depleting) 4. Cadmium 5. PVC in Europe (Greenpeace, 30% of general public) August 30, 2019

Making Substance policies Why is there a need for a policy for a particular (group of) substances Value Chain Drivers Competitors Know what you are talking about (done proactively) Make plans Set priorities With respect to other substances With respect to applications in products Internal External Mandatory rules Implementation/ execution Design directives Communication to stakeholders Design recommendations August 30, 2019

The Philips Approach of Chemical Content August 30, 2019

The Philips chemical content activity Runs now for 7 years Huge effort, because suppliers Do not understand Do not want Do not give (right) info Environmental indicators for key (global) components and materials known Local C&M and outsourced products are a big issues Obvious improvements done pro-actively Further progress hampered by lack of eco-efficiency alternatives August 30, 2019

List of substances to be banned Cadmium and compounds Mercury and compounds Asbestos (all types) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBB’s) and Biphenyl ethers (PBBE’s) Chlorophenyls Biphenyls (PCB’s) Terphenyls (PCT’s) Pentachlorophenol (PCP) Polyvinylchloride and –blends (PVC), for packaging only August 30, 2019

The EACEM list More than hazardous: also recycling, marketing, cost relevance. Derived from substances list all around the world (addressing all kinds of environmental aspects). Selection (40 out of more than 1000) of substances relevant for the customer electronics industry. Introduction of thresholds Toxicity Chemical analysis Practical reasons August 30, 2019

Antimony and – compounds 10  Component inf.: component (family): supplier: type number: comp. weight: Compound Threshold Present Antimony and – compounds 10  Arsenic and – compounds 5 Beryllium and – compounds Cadmium and – compounds Chromium and – compounds Cobalt and – compounds 25 Lead and – compounds 100 Mercury and – compounds 2 Metal carbonyls Organic Tin Selenium and – compounds August 30, 2019

Tellurium and – compounds 10  Component inf.: component (family): supplier: type number: comp. weight: Compound Threshold Present Tellurium and – compounds 10  Thallium and – compounds Asbestos (all types) Cyanides Benzene 1 Phenol (monomer) Toluene 3 Xylene 5 Polycyclis aromatic hydrocarbons CFC’s and halones … August 30, 2019

Chemical content procedure Questionnaire and explanation sent to supplier Message: To know To improve Not to forbid Answer / certificate given Answer / certificate checked Environmental Indicator (E.I.) given E.I. in database / on lists August 30, 2019

Environmental indicator E.I. Env. release Description 9 Yes Complete and reliable info; no relevant substances 6 Allowed Contains environmentally relevant substances in concentrations above thresholds of EACAM list; but no banned substances T Temporarily Contains no banned substances, other substances unknown R Rejected Contains banned substances Blank Pending No (complete) environmental information available August 30, 2019

Components / Materials Special attention regarding environmental aspects for: Switches Cables and wiring Pigmented plastics PWB laminates Electromotors Springs Flame retardant plastics in e.g. Brackets, connectors, transformers, encasing Electrolytic capacitors August 30, 2019

Environmental certificate The information will be treated confidentially Supplier : Material (family) : Trade name : Return completed to : Philips Div. Purchasing Eindhoven, The Netherlands If valid tag Supplier warrants that in the above indicated components as used by Philips Consumer Electronics BV and/or its affiliated companies no substances are present from the Philips Consumer Electronics List of Hazardous Substances or, if present, are below the listed concentration levels. Suppliers confirms that the above indicates components as used by the Philips Consumer Electronics BV and/or its affiliated companies contain the following materials from the Philips Consumer Electronics List of Hazardous Substances with concentrations above the listed levels. (please indicate chemical(s) concerned, and concentration in ppm value on above mentioned list) Supplier warrants that no other substances are present in the supplied components or, if present are below the indicated concentration levels as mentioned in the above List, as submitted to the supplier. Name : Supplier’s Company Stamp Function : Date : August 30, 2019

Internal successes Banned substances under control Fully released C&M dramatically increased Know what we are doing (transparency) Chemical content has been useful tool to reduce code numbers, achieve economy of scale / global purchasing August 30, 2019

External successes Compliance so far done pro-actively Easy communication quality (however, cannot score as a company, prefer to do it via associations) Environmental image of Philips is very good August 30, 2019

Societal discussions August 30, 2019

Societal discussions on chemical content Lead-free soldering as an example: The drivers strongly prefer lead-free The enablers are mixed: Science and technology: There are alternatives Suppliers: Have to change, generally resists Money: Lead-free costs more August 30, 2019

Lead-free soldering, environmental perspective Also environment itself is ambiguous about lead-free solder Emissions worse (more energy needed) Resources worse (silver, tin, bismuth more scarce than lead) Actual toxicity in end-of-life phase is depending on scenario Solder in end-of-life fractions: lead is no problem Solder in mixed plastics leads to big problems (incineration, landfill) August 30, 2019

Lead-free soldering, the balancing act Basic for operation should be science/ rational Societal concerns are for real Industry is no “natural talent” in green In wealthy societies a lot of people buy on basis of perceptions (“image”, incl. environmental image) not on basis of performance August 30, 2019

Decision making of lead-free soldering Know what you are talking about – get the facts Chemical content Money, transformation costs Environmental effects Conclusion: doubtful Look at the external world Customers Legislation What are the competitors Conclusion: go for it Study the technicalities Basic principles Pilots Conclusion: it can be done August 30, 2019

Lead-free soldering, decision and execution Philips Consumer Electronics targets for replacement of lead containing solder by the end of 2004 Developments in the outside world will be closely monitored Decision on lead-free to be implemented in the roadmap: each Business Creation Unit to have at least one lead-free product in 2002 August 30, 2019

Lead-free soldering, conclusion Lead-free soldering is a typical example of environmental dilemma’s Lead-free is an example where emotions overrule science/ ratio It has been a though decision August 30, 2019

Conclusions Substances/ chemical issues to stay Science is a too small basis to tackle the subject (genuine concern and emotion) Alignment, balance with other environmental items needed (EU, US, … to improve) The Philips approach allows to tackle the subject; it is a huge effort but it works! A lot of Societal-discussions, lead-free soldering to proceed August 30, 2019