China: From Republic to Communist Power

The Chinese Republic 1912: Chinese Empire ended Replaced with the Republic of China First president is Sun Yat-sen

Dr. Sun Yixian (1866 – 1925) Sun Yat-sen American educated Doctor Sought help from foreign powers to rebuild China Only USSR responded

Chinese Civil War 1927-50 Kuotmintang (KMT or Nationalists) Headed by Sun Yat-sen, then Chiang Kai-shek Goal was to unify China China ruled by “warlords” Communist Party (CPC) Headed by Mao Zedong Zhou Enlai Lin Biao Originally part of KMT Split by 1926

Chinese Warlords, 1920s Yuan Shi-kai

China in 1924

The Northern Expedition (1927) By 1926 the KMT was divided. Communists were part of KMT. Gaining in power Goal was to redistribute land KMT leaders saw Communists as disruptive Arrested and executed thousands of communists around the country Led to a communist uprising Failed Led to a KMT offensive in 1927 (Northern Expedition) 1928: KMT captured Beijing and unified much of the country Chiang Kai-shek became president

Jiang Jieshi Becomes President of Nationalist China, 1928 (Chiang Kai-shek)

The Long March 1934

The Long March The communists reformed in southern China and continued to stage rebellions All failed 1933-34, the communists retreated west Known as “The Long March” Covered 7700 miles in 1 year

The Long March

The Long March

Survivors of the March

The Long March 100,000 people began the march, 8000 made it to the end Lasted 1 year Made Mao Zedong the undisputed leader of the CPC

Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary (Mao Tse-tung)

Mao With His Children, 1930s

Japan Invades China 1937

Japanese Aggression, 1931 - 1945

Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.

Japanese Soldiers March into Nanking December 9, 1937

The Japanese Invasion, 1937

Remains of Chinese Children Bayoneted by Japanese Soldiers

Japanese Bayonet Practice

UNIT 731: Bio-Chemical Warfare

UNIT 731: Live Human Dissections

Japanese War 1937-45 CPC reached a truce with KMT Did not actively fight the Japanese Used the opportunity to rebuild itself in the west

The Communist Revolution: 1946 - 1949

Civil War (1946-50) KMT received aid from the US to fight the communists By 1950, CPC had forced the KMT to retreat to Taiwan Is still the Republic of China (ROC) People’s Republic of China (PRC) established in 1949 Taiwan is still independent of the PRC

The Peoples’ Liberation Army, 1949

The Communist Victory

Taiwan: The Republic of China

Jiang Jieshu (1887-1975) (Chiang Kai-shek)

Madame Jiang Jieshu

The People’s Republic of China

Reasons for the Communists’ Success Mao won support of peasants – land reform Mao won support of women Mao’s army used guerilla war tactics Many saw the Nationalist government as corrupt Many felt that the Nationalists allowed foreigners to dominate China.

The Great Leap Forward (or Backward?) 1958-1961

Great Leap Forward, 1958 Communes 5 year plan to increase agriculture and industry Communes Groups of people who live and work together Property held in common Had production quotas Failed due to poor quality of products, poor weather hurt agriculture

Communist China Under Mao Industrialized China Increased literacy Class privileges ended Rural Chinese received health care One-party dictatorship Denied people basic rights and freedoms --> Inner Mongolia, Tibet

The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1966 - 1976

Cultural Revolution 1966-76 Violent attempt at social change Campaign against the “Four Olds” that were seen to hold China back

A Campaign Against the “FOUR OLDS” Old Thoughts Old Culture Old Customs Old Habits To Rebel Is Good!

Communist China Under Mao Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and establish a more equitable society Mao wanted to put “intellectuals” in their place Schools shut down – students revolted Red Guards – students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers

A Red Guard

Red Guard

Red Guards March to Canton

With regard to the great teacher Chairman Mao, cherish the word 'Loyalty'. With regard to the great Mao Zedong Thought, vigorously stress the word 'Usefullness'. (1968) Cult of Personality

The reddest, reddest, red sun in our heart, Chairman Mao, and us together Zhejiang Workers, Farmers and Soldiers Art Academy collective, 1968 Mao’s Little Red Book

Propaganda Poster

Go among the workers, peasants and soldiers, and into the thick of struggle! 1967-1972

Propaganda Poster

Propaganda Poster

Propaganda Poster

China Opens to the West 1971 China began to see USSR as a threat China began to open to the US Visits to each country followed

“Ping-Pong Diplomacy”: U. S. Players at Great Wall, 1971

Mao Meets President Nixon, 1972

Mao Dies Mao died in 1976 Led to a power struggle between moderates and radicals Moderates want to restore order and economic growth Radicals known as the “Gang of Four” Want to continue the Cultural Revolution Put on trial and given life sentences in jail

Power Struggle Communist Traditionalists Modernists Zhou Enlai 1976 Zhou Enlai “The Gang of Four”: Jiang Qin, Chen Boda, Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan

Communist Government and a Capitalist Economy

Deng Xiaoping (1905-1997) Led China from 1979-93 Rebuilt China along capitalist lines 1989: Students riot for greater democracy in China Army put down the riots

Tiananmen Square, 1989 More democracy!

Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University Tiananmen Square, 1989 Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University

Democracy—Our Common Ideal! Tiananmen Square, 1989 Democracy—Our Common Ideal!

The “Goddess of Democracy” Tiananmen Square, 1989 The “Goddess of Democracy”

The Government Clamps Down Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Government Clamps Down

Tiananmen Square, 1989 One Lone Man’s Protest

The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In

The Army Looks for Dissidents Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Army Looks for Dissidents

The Reestablishment of Order Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Reestablishment of Order