FAVOR Project: Student 1 Anthony Pre- Feedback Theory: 20 mins Richard Galletly, Aston University

Student needs How to structure an essay Using articles The logical division essay Identifying reliable sources In-text referencing/ citations Where to put citations in text Using plurals- is/ are Using linking words for ‘flow’ in text Writing a list of references at the end of a text Constructing an evaluative argument

Student AL, advice given previous week: Introduction: Background, what I intend to prove and the structure of my essay… Definition of ‘food miles’ Why is the term ‘food miles’ important? Why are food miles relevant? How does the term ‘food miles’ help the consumer? How does the term ‘food miles’ not help the consumer? Is it really useful or not? Justify your original point of view… Conclusion: Summary of my essay, my original point of view and my conclusion of the argument, followed by the implications of my findings…

Essay Structure The introduction leads the reader into the main section, it provides background information and explains which aspects of it will be covered in the essay, and in which order The development section will present your ideas in a series of paragraphs, these must flow, so that the reader can follow your line of argument The conclusion summarises the main points of the paragraphs, and can include an opinion that you have reached as a result of your research. A list of references should be written at the end of your work to give full details of any sources that have been mentioned (Gillett, 2009 p8)

Logical Division The body paragraphs of an essay are there to develop your topic and prove your points in a structured way. They support your argument The paragraphs should be organised in some sort of pattern, like order of time or comparison/ contrast A basic pattern would be dividing your topic into different ideas. Each sub-topic is discussed separately, for example causes, reasons, types, advantages, etc. A common logical division question could be: Discuss the causes of the U.S. Civil War. (Oshima, 2006 p65)

Referencing Book Surname, initials. (Year). Title. Place of publication: Publisher. Online Brandt, K. H., (2001). Working the System [online]. Available from: www.hvn.ac.uk/econ/trickco.html [accessed 1.4.01] In- text referencing Statistics indicate … may be as high as 30 per cent (Brandt, 2001). Secondary sources (one’s you haven’t read but which are quoted in a source you are using) Vroom (1964, cited in Fincham & Rhodes, 2005 p208) argues that a person’s motivation depends on the …

Grammar: Articles Joe says: “I had a sandwich and an apple for lunch. The sandwich wasn’t very good, but the apple was nice” Joe says ‘a sandwich’ because this is the first time he talks about them Joe now says ‘the sandwich’ because the listener now knows which sandwich he means. ‘the’ = “you know which one I mean” When you can’t say “you know which one I mean” we use a/an or use no article: “I’m afraid of rats” (Swan, 2005:52; Murphy, 2005:144)

Argumentative Essay Position: you have a point of view which you are attempting to persuade your reader to accept Reasons: propositions to support your argument A line of reasoning: a set of reasons presented in a logical order, making it clear how these reasons lead to a conclusion Conclusion: an argument leads towards a conclusion, a position that the author wants you to accept Persuasion: the purpose is to persuade Signal words to help the reader follow your argument (Cottrell, 2005 p47)

References I Bailey, S. (2011). Academic Writing for International Students of Business. Oxon: Routledge. Bowell, T. & Kemp, G. (2010). Critical Thinking: a Concise Guide. Oxon: Routledge. Burke, D. & Pieterick, J. (2010). Giving Students Effective Written Feedback. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Cottrell, S. (2005). Critical Thinking Skills. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Fitzpatrick, M. (2011). Engaging Writing 2: Essential Skills for Academic Writing. NY: Pearson Education. Gillett, A., Hammond, A. & Martala, M. (2009). Successful Academic Writing. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd.

References II Hewings, M. (2005). Advanced Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McMillan, K. & Weyers, J. (2010). How to write essays and assignments. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Murphy, R. (2004). English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Oshima, A. & Hogue, A. (2006). Writing Academic English: level 4. NY: Pearson Education. Reinders, H., Moore, N. & Lewis, M. (2008). The International Student Handbook. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Swales, J.M. & Feak, C.B. (2007). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.

References III Swan, M. (2005). Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tissington, P., Hasel, M. & Matthiesen, J. (2009). How to Write Successful Business and Management Essays. London: Sage Publications Ltd.