Outcomes Group Number of events Total person-years aIRR (95%CI) Forest plot DPP-4Is vs BGs Primary Outcomes MI BGs 609.0 909,479.0 1 [Reference] DPP-4Is 1,046.0 1,070,551.6 1.46[1.32-1.61] HF 3,260.5 957,259.3 5,499 1,127,507.4 1.43(1.37-1.50) Stroke 101.9 958,792.0 116 1,130,832.0 0.96(0.74-1.26) Secondary Outcome Composite CVDs 4,149.4 907,963.0 6,879.0 1,067,098.6 1.41[1.36-1.47] DPP-4Is vs SUs SUs 1,004.1 801,475.1 1,096.0 1,088,170.6 0.80[0.74-0.88] 5,755.0 835,978.0 6,485 1,144,086.5 0.82(0.79-0.85) 123.7 838,028.2 129 1,147,890.8 0.76(0.60-0.97) 7,031.6 799,350.8 7,918.0 1,084,259.1 0.83[0.8-0.86] DPP-4Is vs α-GIs α-GIs 842.6 769,739.4 1,108.0 1,101,155.6 0.92[0.84-1.01] 4,412.8 805,723 6,689 1,158,361.5 1.05(1.02-1.10) 108.1 807,552.9 131 1,162,238.5 0.84(0.65-1.09) 5,370.0 767,968.0 8,145.0 1,097,179.4 1.06[1.03-1.1] 0.5 1.0 aIRR 1.5 2.0 Figure S1. Adjusted incidence rate ratio assessing the association between DPP-4Is and cardiovascular risks in each pseudopopulation.