© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-1 © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. SOCIOLOGY: A Brief Introduction Richard T. Schaefer Seventh Edition

chapter © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. CHAPTER OUTLINE The Role of Socialization The Self and Socialization Socializations and the Life Course Agents of Socialization Social Policy and Socialization: Child Care Around the WorldSocial Policy and Socialization: Child Care Around the World 4 Socialization

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-3 █ How much of a person’s personality is shaped by culture as opposed to inborn traits? A Look Ahead █ In what ways does socialization continue into adulthood? █ Who are the most powerful agents of socialization?

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-4 Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation █ Interaction of heredity and environment shape human development –The Cases of Isabelle and Genie Emphasizes importance of earliest socialization experiences for children –Primate Studies Harlow showed isolation had damaging effect on monkeys

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-5 The Influence of Heredity █ Studies of Identical Twins –Similar intelligence test scores when twins are reared apart in roughly similar social settings –Quite different scores observed when twins are reared apart in dramatically different social settings

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-6 The Self and Socialization █ Self: distinct identity that sets us apart from others –The self is not a static phenomenon –Continues to develop and change throughout our lives

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-7 Cooley: Looking-Glass Self █ We learn who we are by interacting with others █ Our view of ourselves comes from contemplation of personal qualities and our impressions of how others perceive us █ The self is the product of our social interactions with other people

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-8 Mead: Stages of the Self █ Preparatory Stage: children imitate people around them █ Play Stage: children develop skill in communicating through symbols and role taking occurs █ Game Stage: children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4-9 Mead: Stages of the Self █ Generalized others: attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that child takes into account

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mead: Theory of the Self █ Self begins as privileged, central position in a person’s world █ As person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about reactions of others Significant others: Individuals most important in the development of the self

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Goffman: Presentation of the Self █ Impression management: individual learns to slant the presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences –Also known as dramaturgical approach Face-work: Need to maintain proper image of self to continue social interaction

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Psychological Approaches to the Self █ Freud –Self is a social product, however, natural impulsive instincts in constant conflict with societal constraints –Personality influenced by others (especially one’s parents)

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Psychological Approaches to the Self █ Piaget –Emphasized stages that humans progress through as the self develops –Cognitive theory of development identified 4 stages in development of children’s thought processes –Social interaction key to development

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Table 4-1: Theoretical Approaches to Development of the Self Charles Horton CooleyLooking-glass selfStages of development not distinct; feelings toward ourselves developed sociobiologist (USA)through interaction with others George Herbert MeadThe selfThree distinct stages of development; self Generalized otherdevelops as children grasp the roles of sociobiologist (USA)others in their lives Erving GoffmanImpression managementSelf developed through the impressions ( )Dramaturgical approachwe convey to others and to groups sociobiologist (USA)Face-work Sigmund FreudPsychoanalysisSelf influenced by parents and by inborn ( )drives, such as the drive for sexual psychotherapist (Austria)gratification Jean PiagetCognitive theory Four stages of cognitive development; ( )moral development linked to child psychologistsocialization (Switzerland) Scholar Key Concepts and Contributions Major Points of Theory

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Life Course █ Rites of Passage: Means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person’s status –Ceremonies mark stages of development in life course █ Life-course approach: Looks closely at social factors that influence people throughout their lives

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Life Course █ We encounter some of the most difficult socialization challenges in later years –Assessing one’s accomplishments –Coping with declining physical abilities –Retirement –Facing the inevitability of death

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Financial independence from parents/guardians20.9 years80.9% Separate residence from parents Full-time employment Completion of formal schooling Capability of supporting a family Marriage Parenthood Table 4-2: Milestones in the Transition to Adulthood Source : T. W. Smith Percentage of People Who View Event as Extremely Live EventExpected Ageor Quite Important

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization █ Anticipatory socialization: processes of socialization in which person “rehearses” future occupations and social relationships █ Resocialization: process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as transition in one’s life

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization █ Total institution: institution—prison, military, mental hospital, or convent— that regulates all aspects of a person’s life under a single authority Degradation ceremony: ritual where individual becomes secondary and rather invisible in overbearing social environment

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Agents of Socialization █ Family –Role of family in socializing a child cannot be overestimated █ Cultural Influences █ The Impact of Race and Gender –Gender Roles: expectation regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Agents of Socialization █ School –Teach children values and customs of the larger society –Traditionally socialized children into conventional gender roles █ Peer Group –As children grow older, peer groups increasingly assume the role of Mead’s significant others

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Agents of Socialization █ Mass Media and Technology –Technology socializes families into multitasking as the social norm –47% of parents reported at least one child has a TV in his/her bedroom

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Agents of Socialization █ Workplace –Learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting is fundamental aspect of human socialization █ Religion and State –Government and organized religion impacted life course by reinstituting some rites of passage

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Child Care Around the World █ The Issue –In 2002, 55% of women who had given birth the previous year were back in the labor force –35% of all preschoolers with employed mothers attend group child care programs

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Physical attractiveness 1. Grades/intelligence 1. Participation in sports1. Participation in sports 2. Grades/intelligence 2. Participation in sports2. Grades/intelligence2. Grades/intelligence 3. Participation in sports 3. General sociability 3. Popularity with girls3. General sociability 4. General sociability 4. Physical attractiveness4. General sociability4. Physical attractiveness 5. Popularity with boys5. Clothes5. Car5. School clubs/ government Table 4-3: High School Popularity Source : Suitor et al. 2001:445. What makes high school girls popular? What makes high school boys popular? According to College men: According to College women: According to College men: According to College women:

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Figure 4-2: How Young People Use the Media Source : Rideout et al. 2005:7.

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Child Care Around the World █ The Setting –Finding the right kind of day care challenges parents and pocketbook –Researchers found high-quality child care centers do not adversely affect socialization of children

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Child Care Around the World █ Sociological Insights –Studies assessing quality of child care outside of home reflect micro-level of analysis favored by interactionists –Functionalists study child care from perspective of macro-level analysis of the family as a social institution

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Child Care Around the World █ Sociological Insights –Conflict perspective notes child care costs are an especially serious burden for lower-class families –Feminist perspective raises questions about the low status and wages of day care workers

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Child Care Around the World █ Policy Initiatives –Policies regarding child care outside of the home vary throughout the world –When policymakers decide that child care is desirable, they must determine degree to which taxpayers should subsidize it

© 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Figure 4-3: Child Care Arrangements for Preschoolers Source : J. Johnson 2005:2.