Late 19th Century Industrialization Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture Late 19th Century Industrialization The “Second Industrial Revolution” Orzechowski/US History

Post Civil War Industrialization In 1865, most Americans By 1900, most Americans  Lit their homes with candles or oil lamps Kept food in an ice box Waited up to a month for letters to cross the country Travelled by horse and buggy Lit their homes with electric lamps Kept food in a refrigerator  Sent news by telegraph or telephone  Some travelled by automobile  

Capitalism Capitalism: an economic system in which factories, equipment, land, etc is privately owned Requires people willing to invest $$$$$

Explosion of Industrial Growth Companies developed new ways of operating: New ways to manage work Machinery, mass production → less demand for skilled workers Assembly line Result: increased productivity, cheaper goods, fewer workers needed

Explosion of Industrial Growth Companies developed new ways of operating: 2. New ways to finance and organize business Corporations formed  Monopolies and trusts were created 

Government Involvement in Business Pure capitalism = no government involvement Regulation by the market, not government Laissez faire = French for “allow to do” Social Darwinism

Government Involvement in Business Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 Passed by Congress Outlawed monopolies and trusts Lacked enforcement

Industrial Expansion Booming economy and consumer society US becomes one of the most powerful nations in the world

The Gilded Age From Mark Twain Late 19th century Gilded = covered thinly with gold leaf or gold paint Shiny = wealth, booming economy, access to goods and services Not so shiny underneath = awful working conditions, no protection for workers, no child labor laws

Beginning of Labor Movement Union = group of workers organized to protect the interests of its members Much of a union’s power came from the threat of a strike

Mixed Success for Labor Unions Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture Mixed Success for Labor Unions Setbacks Government usually sided with business Passed laws friendly to business, sent troops to break up strikes Violent strikes turned public against unions Radicalism Haymarket Affair – Chicago, 1886 strikers fought with scabs, police fired shots to break up fights, anarchists called for a meeting, police showed up, someone threw a bomb and police were killed, police fired killing 4. Workers sided with anarchists, labor leaders backed away Homestead Strike: 1892: hired security guards showed up to protect company against a strike; battle; strikers took over the town; state militia was called; non union workers called inl union shut out for 40 years Pullman Strike: 1894: government supported management against striking workers; many workers were in debt to the company, Pullman cut wages, not not rents or other costs, workers went on strike, refusing to handle trains with Pullman cars; President Cleveland sent troops to break up strike Orzechowski/US History

Mixed Success for Labor Unions Fill in missing information and add additional details from lecture Mixed Success for Labor Unions Gains Better wages and work hours for union and nonunion workers 54 hours/week → 49 hours/week $17.60/week → $21.30 Unskilled workers (white women, African Americans, new immigrants) still struggled Won recognition of worker rights Haymarket Affair – Chicago, 1886 strikers fought with scabs, police fired shots to break up fights, anarchists called for a meeting, police showed up, someone threw a bomb and police were killed, police fired killing 4. Workers sided with anarchists, labor leaders backed away Homestead Strike: 1892: hired security guards showed up to protect company against a strike; battle; strikers took over the town; state militia was called; non union workers called inl union shut out for 40 years Pullman Strike: 1894: government supported management against striking workers; many workers were in debt to the company, Pullman cut wages, not not rents or other costs, workers went on strike, refusing to handle trains with Pullman cars; President Cleveland sent troops to break up strike Orzechowski/US History