MEDINAN PERIOD

The political and military campaigns that Prophet Muhammad himself took part in are called ghazwa; the political and military campaigns that Prophet Muhammad did not take part but gave the flag to someone from his companions and appointed him the leader of the campaign are called sariyya.

There were 27 ghazwas that the Prophet himself led There were 27 ghazwas that the Prophet himself led. They are Abwa, Buwat, Badru’l-ula-Safawan, Zu’l-Ushayra, Badr, Bani Qaynuqa', Sawiq, Qarqaratul kudr, Ghatafan, Bani Sulaym, Uhud, Hamraulasad, Bani Nadir, Badru’l-Maw’id, Zatu’r-Riqa’, Dumatul jandal, Muraysi’ (Bani’l- Mustaliq), Khandaq, Bani Kurayza, Bani Lihyan, Ghaba, Hudaybiya, Khaybar, Conquest of Makkah, Hunayn, Taif and Tabuk. There were clashes only in nine of those ghazwas.

Batn-ı Nakhla: (2 Rajab/January 624) Seventeen months after the Emigration (2 Rajab/January 624), the expedition sent to Nakhla under the command of ‘Abd Allah ibn Jahsh attacked a Qurayshi caravan returning from Yemen, at a location to the south of Makka; one person was killed, two were taken prisoner and their belongings seized.

“They question thee (O Muhammad) with regard to warfare in the sacred month. Say: Warfare therein is a great (transgression), but to turn (men) from the way of Allah, and to disbelieve in Him and in the Inviolable Place of Worship, and to expel his people thence, is a greater with Allah; for persecution is worse than killing. And they will not cease from fighting against you till they have made you renegades from your religion, if they can. And whoso becometh a renegade and dieth in his disbelief: such are they whose works have fallen both in the world and the Hereafter. Such are rightful owners of the Fire: they will abide there in.” Baqarah, 2:217.

The battle of Badr. (17 Ramadan/ 13 March 624). The Battle of Uhud (The Uhud campaign (7 or 11 Shawwal /23 or 27 March 625) The Raji‘ episode (the night campaign by Mersed b. Ebu Mersed.) (Safar/July) 625. The Bi’rimauna episode (Safar/July) 625. The Handaq campaign (Ahzab) (Dhu al- Qi’dah/April 627).

The Banu Mustaliq Battle/ Mureysi‘ (after The Handaq campaign 627; some says before the Handaq)) and ifq (slander) event. The treaty of Hudaybiyah is drawn up (Dhu al-Hijjah/April 628. The statement of the treaty was as follows: (in the year 628) “In your name, O God! This is the treaty of peace between Muhammad Ibn Abdullah and Suhayl ibn Amr. 1. They have agreed to allow their arms to rest for ten years. 2. During this time each party shall be secure, and neither shall injure the other; no secret damage shall be inflicted, but honesty and honour shall prevail between them. 3. Whoever in Arabia wishes to enter into a treaty or covenant with Muhammad can do so, and whoever wishes to enter into a treaty or covenant with the Quraysh can do so. And if a Qurayshite comes without the permission of his guardian to Muhammad, he shall be delivered up to the Quraysh; but if, on the other hand, one of Muhammad's people comes to the Quraysh, he shall not be delivered up to Muhammad. 4. This year, Muhammad, with his companions, must withdraw from Mecca, but next year, he may come to Mecca and remain for three days, yet without their weapons except those of a traveller, the swords remaining in their sheaths.”

The conquest of Mecca (20 Ramadan/11 January 630). The Hunayn campaign (11 Shawwal/1 February). The Taif campaign (Shawwal/February). Distribution of the loot from the battle of Hunayn (Dhu al-Qi’dah/February).

Mu’allaf al-qulub: Those whose hearts were reconciled with Islam by means of material advantages: either still pagans or recent converts to Islam. (al-Jiranah distribution) 9: 60, “Alms are for the poor and the needy, and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose hearts have been (recently) reconciled (to Truth); for those in bondage and in debt; in the cause of Allah. and for the wayfarer: (thus is it) ordained by Allah, and Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom.”

Ghanima is an Arabic word ("الْغَنيمَة") meaning “spoils of war” Khums (Arabic سخم‎ is the Arabic word for One Fifth (1/5). Khums is paid on all items regarded as ghanima, or "spoils of war" and is referred to in the in Qur’an, the sura al-Anfal (after Badr war) 8:41, "And know that out of all the booty that ye may acquire (in war), a fifth share is assigned to Allah,- and to the Messenger, and to near relatives, orphans, the needy, and the wayfarer,- if ye do believe in Allah and in the revelation We sent down to Our servant on the Day of Testing,- the Day of the meeting of the two forces. For Allah hath power over all things."