Anatomy of ankle and foot Dr.Raad Al-shaibany

Ankle joint

Ankle movement Movements Dorsiflexion is performed by the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus, and peroneus tertius. Plantar flexion is performed by the gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, and flexor hallucis longus. The movements of inversion and eversion take place at the tarsal joints and not at the ankle joint .

Important Relations Anteriorly: The tibialis anterior, the extensor halluces longus, the anterior tibial vessels, the deep peroneal nerve, the extensor digitorum longus, and the peroneus tertius Posteriorly: The tendo calcaneus and plantaris . Posterolaterally (behind the lateral malleolus): The peroneus longus and brevis . Posteromedially (behind the medial malleolus): The tibialis posterior, the flexor digitorum longus, the posterior tibial vessels, thetibial nerve, and the flexor halluces longus.

Subtalar Joint It is the posterior joint between the talus and the calcaneum. Its articulation is between the inferior surface of the body of the talus and the facet on the middle of the upper surface of the calcaneum .  Ligaments Medial and lateral (talocalcaneal) ligaments The interosseous (talocalcaneal) ligament:strong and is the main bond of union between the two bones. It is attached above to the sulcus tali and below to the sulcus calcanei.

Calcaneocuboid Joint Between the anterior end of the calcaneum and the posterior surface of the cuboid . Talocalcaneonavicular joint Between the talor head ,calcaneum and naviculum The talocalcaneonavicular and the calcaneocuboid joints are together referred to as the midtarsal or transverse tarsal joints

Movements in the Subtalar, Talocalcaneonavicular, and Calcaneocuboid Joints Inversion: is the movement of the foot so that the sole faces medially(the tibialis anterior, the extensor hallucis longus, and the medial tendons of extensor digitorum longus; the tibialis posterior) Eversion: the sole faces in the lateral direction.(the peroneus longus, peroneus brevis, and peroneus tertius; the lateral tendons of the extensor digitorum longus. 

The Bones of the Arches Medial longitudinal arch: This consists of the calcaneum, the talus, the navicular bone, the three cuneiform bones, and the first three metatarsal bones. Lateral longitudinal arch: This consists of the calcaneum, the cuboid, and the 4th and 5th metatarsal bones. Transverse arch: This consists of the bases of the metatarsal bones and the cuboid and the three cuneiform bones .

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