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University Physics 3 Course Overview

University Physics, Volumes 1 and 3 Acknowledgments This presentation is based on and includes content derived from the following OER resource: University Physics, Volumes 1 and 3 The OpenStax books used for this course may be downloaded for free at: https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-1 https://openstax.org/details/books/university-physics-volume-3

Oscillations The motion of any system with a repeating motion can be described in terms of oscillations. Learning about the motion of simple systems like pendulums and springs serves as a springboard for understanding the more complicated motion of any system that repeats its motion at regular intervals. (University Physics Volume 3. OpenStax. Fig. 15.24)

Waves Waves transfer energy through a medium and are ubiquitous in nature. To understand the general theory of waves, we start with the simple case of a traveling wave on a string and develop many general concepts that apply to all waves, including wave speed, energy, power, and interference. (University Physics Volume 1. OpenStax. Fig. 16.2.)

Sound Sound is a pressure wave that travels through air or another medium. The pressure wave causes molecules in the medium to oscillate, allowing energy to travel through the medium. Sound waves can be detected by the human ear and a variety of instruments, making them useful for many purposes, including imaging and precise measurements. (University Physics Volume 1. OpenStax. Fig. 17.6.)

The Nature of Light Because of its wavelike nature, light has many properties common to all waves, such as finite wave speed. Among its most basic properties are its ability to reflect and refract at an interface. The law of reflection is used to describe the phenomenon of total internal reflection, and the dispersion of light when passing through a medium is described. (University Physics Volume 3. OpenStax. Fig. 1.1.)

Geometric Optics and Image Formation Geometric optics is the model used to describe the formation of images due to reflection and refraction at an interface. While light is wavelike, this property only becomes evident when light interacts with objects comparable in size to its wavelength. Geometric optics applies when light interacts with macroscopic objects. (University Physics Volume 3. OpenStax. Fig. 2.1.)

Interference Interference is a wave property that causes the wave to interact with itself. Young’s double-slit experiment, which definitively showed the wavelike nature of light, is described and a general theory of diffraction is developed and applied to multiple-slit experiments. Interference in optical systems and thin films is also described with their applications, including interferometry. (University Physics Volume 3. OpenStax. Fig. 3.1.)

Diffraction Diffraction is the bending of light around an obstacle or edge. Diffraction with a single slit is first described and then generalized to double-slit and many-slit experiments and diffraction gratings. Diffraction in optical systems leads to the Rayleigh criterion for resolution. (University Physics Volume 3. OpenStax. Fig. 4.1.)

Relativity Einstein proposed relativity theory to address inconsistencies between Maxwell’s equations and the rules for adding relative velocities. The theory, which has been repeatedly confirmed, has profound consequences for our understanding of the relationship between space and time. Some of these consequences include modified expressions for the momentum and energy of a particle. (University Physics Volume 3. OpenStax. Fig. 5.1.)

Photons and Matter Waves Several observations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries led to the idea that light and matter both have both particle- like and wave-like properties. These models are used to describe several important phenomena, including blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, the Compton effect, and the hydrogen atom. (University Physics Volume 3. OpenStax. Fig. 6.1.)

Quantum Mechanics Quantum mechanics describes particles at small scales. It is the foundation for all microscopic phenomena, much like classical mechanics is the foundation for macroscopic phenomena. Several key concepts in quantum mechanics, including the wave function, the uncertainty principle, and the Schrödinger equation are explained and applied to simple systems. (University Physics Volume 3. OpenStax. Fig. 7.1.)

Atomic Structure The structure of atoms is due to the quantum mechanics of the electron bound to an atomic nucleus. The properties of electrons in the hydrogen atom and the Pauli exclusion principle give rise to the variety of elements on the periodic table. Electron transfer between energy states is used to explain the atomic spectra of the elements and the emission of X-rays. (University Physics Volume 3. OpenStax. Fig. 8.9.)

Condensed Matter Physics Condensed matter physics is the application of quantum mechanics to solids. We focus on the crystal structure of solids because of its practical importance to the semiconductor electronics industry. Doped semiconductors and their applications to simple electronic devices are of particular interest. (University Physics Volume 3. OpenStax. Fig. 9.1.)

Nuclear Physics Nuclear physics is the study of the nucleus of the atom. The mechanisms underlaying the production of nuclear energy, the sun shining, and atomic bombs are all based on nuclear physics. In addition, nuclear radioactivity, or the decay of nuclei to different states or nuclei, has important applications in science and medicine, including locating and tracking diseased tissue. (University Physics Volume 3. OpenStax. Fig. 10.2.)

Particle Physics and Cosmology Particle physics is described by the Standard Model, which includes the electromagnetic, strong nuclear, and weak nuclear forces, and all the particles they act on. The Big Bang model of cosmology describes the expansion of the Universe from a small volume at the beginning of time. Together, they give a picture of the history of the early Universe and insight into its future. (University Physics Volume 3. OpenStax. Fig. 11.2.)

Study Tips Read the syllabus or schedule of assignments regularly. Understand key terms; look up and define all unfamiliar words and terms. Take notes on your readings, assigned media, and lectures. As appropriate, work all questions and/or problems assigned and as many additional questions and/or problems as possible. Discuss topics with classmates. Frequently review your notes. Make flow charts and outlines from your notes to help you study for assessments. Complete all course assessments.

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