Participles

Mr. Jacobs, what is a participle? Participles are verbal adjectives modify nouns in case, number, & gender Participles retain verbal qualities have tenses can take objects Latin has four participles

Present Active Participle: Formation & Translation Like anything called “present”, the present active stem is needed first. Notice the nominative and genitive forms resemble a 3rd declension adj. (e.g. potens, potentis). Present participles will act similarly. An easy way to recognize the present participle is the nt in the stem. Present participles = action occurring at the same time as the main verb’s tense

portō portā re portāvī portātus porta ns = carrying… porta ntis Let’s try this out. portō portā re portāvī portātus PRESENT STEM porta ns = carrying… Nom. porta ntis Gen.

videō vidē re vīdī vīsus vide ns = seeing… vide ntis Let’s try some more. videō vidē re vīdī vīsus PRESENT STEM vide ns = seeing… Nom. vide ntis Gen.

mittō mitte re mīsī missus mitte ns = sending… mitte ntis Let’s keep going. mittō mitte re mīsī missus PRESENT STEM mitte ns = sending… Nom. Notice that with participles (and infinitives) that the present stem vowel for 3rd conjugation does not need to be adjusted mitte ntis Gen.

faciō fac ere fēcī factus facie ns = making… facie ntis Repetita iuvant! faciō fac ere fēcī factus PRESENT STEM facie ns = making… Nom. Notice that with participles (and infinitives) that the present stem for 3rd –io and 4th conjugation verbs must to be changed to “ie” (cf. impf. and fut. tenses). facie ntis Gen.

audiō aud īre audīvī audītus audie ns = hearing… audie ntis The last one. audiō aud īre audīvī audītus PRESENT STEM audie ns = hearing… Nom. Notice that with participles (and infinitives) that the present stem for 3rd –io and 4th conjugation verbs must to be changed to “ie” (cf. impf. and fut. tenses). audie ntis Gen.

Exemplī Grātiā The boy, seeing his dog, smiled. Puer videns canem rīsit. Brutus was a leader of the men conspiring to kill Caesar. Brutus erat dux virōrum coniurantium interficere Caesarem. They gave money to gladiators fighting in the arena. Pecūniam gladiātōribus pugnantibus in amphitheātrō dedērunt.

Exemplī Grātiā I watched the men playing games. Virōs lūdentēs lūdōs spectāvī. She took food from the crying baby. Cibum ab infante lacrimantī ea cēpit. N.B. - In English, in order to avoid confusion and death, it is important to keep the participle near the noun, which it describes. A misplaced participle is called a dangling participle.

Perfect Passive Participle When you hear the words “perfect” and “passive” together, go immediately to the fourth principal part of the verb The PPP is the 4th principal part of the verb; no change is needed. It is a 1st/2nd decl. adj. It is translated with (having been) verbed Perfect participles = action occurring before the tense of the main verb

amō, amāre, amāvī, = (having been) loved amātus, -a, -um teneō, tenēre, tenuī, = (having been) held tentus, -a, -um pōnō, ponere, posuī, = (having been) placed positus, -a, -um inveniō, invenīre, invēnī, = (having been) found inventus, -a, -um

Exemplī Grātiā The laws, (having been) written on twelve tablets, were placed in the forum. Legēs scriptae in tabulīs duodecim in Forō positae sunt. Aeneas, (having been) warned by Mercury, sailed from Carthage. Aeneas, ā Mercuriō monitus, Carthagine navigāvit.

Future Active Participle To begin form this participle, first take the stem of the PPP Then add –urus, –a, -um Translate with “going to” or “about to” Future participles = action occurring after the tense of the main verb

amāt ūr us, -a, -um = going to like tent ūr us, -a, -um Stem of PPP Sign of Fut. Act. Participle amāt ūr us, -a, -um = going to like tent ūr us, -a, -um = about to hold posit us, -a, -um ūr = going to place invent ūr us, -a, -um = about to find

Exemplī Grātiā The consuls, about to write the laws, will go to the forum. Cōnsulēs scriptūrī lēgēs ad forum ibunt. Mercury, about to warn Aeneas, will fly to Carthage. Mercurius monitūrus Aenean Carthāginem volābit.