The Influence of Family on Developing a Lifestyle Chapter 4 The Influence of Family on Developing a Lifestyle Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Definition A basic human social system that involves commitment and interaction among its members. This commitment includes a responsibility for the physical and emotional well-being and successful development of the children in that family Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Family Structure Nuclear- do not see much; parents have to work, dad may not be around as much, more single parent homes, children expected to be more independent at earlier ages Extended Single parent Foster parent Alternative Dual career Blended Polygamous Homosexual Cohabitation See Table 4-1.

Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Dual-Career Families Both parents work outside the home. Now common in the United States. Conflicting demands among work responsibilities, continuing education for career advancement, and the demands of childrearing See Box 4-1. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Effect of Family on Growth and Development of the Child Box 4-1 Ten Potential Challenges in Dual-Career Families 1. Need for child-care arrangements. 2. Time to participate in children's activities. 3. Time to support and encourage academic achievements. 4. Time to support and encourage peer interaction. 5. Time for child-focused family activities. 6. Need for close scheduling and travel away from home on the part of family members. 7. Lack of energy for home and child-care activities. 8. Difficulty with unexpected illness or injury management. 9. Increased need for child to self manage. 10. Maintaining healthy nutrition options at mealtimes. See Tables 4-2 and 4-3.

Effect of Family on Growth and Development of the Child Size of Family-older children can help younger children grasp language skills, but first born will usually have a better grasp of language skills because of interaction with parents Spacing of Siblings-siblings do better with less than 4 years age difference; will provide support and help to guide in social interaction Divorce-Table 4-2 Responses to Divorce by Age Group Stepchildren and Foster Children Chronic Illness-need to identify family strengths and coping skills so a comprehensive plan of care can be developed and implemented Use of Child-Care Services See Tables 4-2 and 4-3.

Understanding Families Through Theories Family Systems Theory-based on family interconnectedness, with the understanding that what happens to one family member affects the entire family The Family Apgar-a tool to assess family function-by G. Smilkstein Adaptation—Sharing of resources and helping of family members. Partnership—Lines of communication and participation of family members. Growth—How responsibilities are shared among family members. Affection—Visible and invisible emotional interactions among family members. Resolve—How time, money, and space are used for solving or preventing problems among family members. See Box 4-2.

Developmental Theories Piaget-offers developmental theory on cognition Freud-looks at behaviors motivated by the unconscious Erikson-characterized by mastery of specific skills or behaviors at different developmental stages Havighurst-he believed society determined the skills that needed to be mastered at each stage; this included late adulthood and the aged Neuman-health care team should care for the total patient and family needs, within their environment Duvall-each stage is unique and new competencies have to be mastered; health care workers need to help family’s to expand on roles and tasks See Chapter 5.

Growth and Development of the Family A task is a competency or skill that helps a person cope with the environment or advance personal development Tasks occur in sequence Mastery of the developmental tasks of one stage are usually required to master developmental tasks of the next stage Physical, cognitive, psychological, motor, and psychosocial developmental tasks See Table 4-4. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Growth and Development of a Parent Table 4-4: Growth and Development of a Parent First prenatal trimester Second prenatal trimester Third prenatal trimester Birth Infant Toddler Preschool-age School-age Adolescent See Table 4-4. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Growth and Development of the Family Marriage-establish mutual goals and values; define roles and responsibilities Childbearing-adjust to child; meet needs to child Childrearing-meet own needs and those of the child; establish child care philosophy Child launching-having stable home while encouraging fulfillment Contracting family-empty nest syndrome; get to know each other again; increase community involvement Aging family-develop new roles; fulfill lifelong plans See Table 4-5.

Role of the Health Care Worker Understanding the developmental stages and tasks of families and individuals enables the health-care team to provide individualized care Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Childrearing Styles Autocratic style-decisions are made without the input of the children Democratic style-children are encouraged to participate in decision making, and all members of the family exhibit mutual respect Laissez-faire style-complete freedom for all members, with no rules, minimal discipline (if any), and no effort at impulse control Dysfunctional family-unit that does not offer consistency of members or rules, may exhibit poor interpersonal relationships among its members

Effect of Culture on the Family Cultural assimilation-a process by which members of a specific cultural group lose the characteristics of that group and adapt practices of another group Cultural relativism- the concept that normality comes from the standard social practices of a specific culture Culture shock-is the effect of a sudden, drastic change in the cultural environment of an individual or family See Cultural Considerations box.

Effect of Culture on the Family Ethnocentrism-belief that one’s own culture is the standard of behavior and is superior Cultural competence- involves cultural awareness, acceptance, and respect toward behaviors and practices that are different from one's own Cultural assessments will include values, socioeconomic status, communication, patterns, nutrition, language, religious practices, health practices/beliefs, and cultural aspects of diseases or illnesses See Cultural Considerations box.

Influence of Electronic Media and Technology Newspapers Magazines Music Videos and games-have flickering lights and at times these can trigger seizures in children and adults Movies-becoming more violent and children allowed to view, so might influence them to thinking it is normal Websites Television-Children’s Television Act of 1991-mandated defined prime time and family viewing times for programs See Box 4-3. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Influence of Electronic Media and Technology (cont.) Optimal style of TV viewing is family viewing, though this is not a consistent practice with most families Many debates exist on the effects of violence in television and video games Dopamine is released and it is related to learning, attention, and motor integration-due to material in some games, movies, etc. thought to learn about violence Computers and the internet allow access to important information and social interactions See Figure 4-3.

The Growth of Social Networking Sites Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Pinterest, etc. Facebook depression-when overused to point of life behaviors are altered including sleeping, eating, and being more isolated Sexting See Box 4-4. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Effects of a Disaster on Family and Development Natural disaster—hurricanes, tornadoes, etc. Human-made disaster-bombings, etc. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-families who have been involved in a disaster can suffer from posttraumatic stress syndrome Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Role of the Health Care Team Understand and respect the potential for learning and education in media Help the child self-regulate choices of what to view Help parents use media in a positive way to promote a well-balanced lifestyle Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Effect of Community on Family and Development Teachers, coaches, clubs, teams, and peers Outside influences help children: Learn social rules of behavior Develop a sense of belonging Develop a positive self-image Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

HEALTHY LIFESTYLE HABITS Attitudes toward exercise and food are formed in the home Parents are role models for children Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

Family-Centered Health Care Family is central to the plan of care for any individual family member. Identify and value the strengths of the family network Expanded visiting hours allows family to take part in the care of hospitalized individual Home-care services Listen to the family's perception of the problem Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.