Fig. 2 Surface modification, characterization, and verification of Tz-grafted SiNWS. Surface modification, characterization, and verification of Tz-grafted SiNWS. (A) Schematic summary of the stepwise functional group transformation developed for the preparation of Tz-grafted SiNWS. (B to D) X-ray photoelectron spectra of stepwise functionalized SiNWS: bare SiNWS (blue), SH-grafted SiNWS (orange), NH2-grafted SiNWS (green), and Tz-grafted SiNWS (red): (B) survey scans, (C) high-resolution XPS spectra in the energy range of the S 2p signals, and (D) high-resolution spectra in the energy range of the N 1s signals. (E) Scheme for verification of the successful preparation of Tz-grafted SiNWS via bioorthogonal ligation with Cy5-labeled TCO (2.6 mM) and disulfide cleavage by DTT (50 mM), respectively. Fluorescent images were captured through fluorescence microscopy (Nikon 90i, λex = 620/60) for (F) Tz-grafted SiNWS, (G) Cy5-grafted SiNWS, and (H) disulfide-cleaved SiNWS by DTT treatment. a.u., arbitrary units. Jiantong Dong et al. Sci Adv 2019;5:eaav9186 Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).