COMPARATIVE PUBLIC LAW Lesson VIII India LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII

The Indian sub-continent Lion of Sarnath LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Diritto Pubblico comparato – Lezione VIII

LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII Some data Population: 1.173.108.018 Inhab. Territory: 3.287.263 Km2 Density: 349 Inhab./Km2 Official Languages: Hindi (spoken by 40% of the population), english (politics and economy) further 21 languages 1576 languages and dialects (1991) Religions: 6 big religions: induism (81,4%), buddism, jainism, islam (12,4%), christianism (2,12%), sikh LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII

LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII Territory 28 Federal States Andhra Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Goa Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu e Kashmir Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Manipur Meghalaya Mizoram Nagaland Orissa Panjab Rajasthan Sikkim Tamil Nadu Tripura Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal Bengala Occidentale 6 Territories A. Andamane e Nicobare B. Chandigarh C. Dadra e Nagar Haveli D. Daman e Diu E. Laccadive G. Pondicherry Capital Territory F. Dehli LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII

Constitutional History British dominion since1600 Government of India Act 1919: Decentralization Two-chambers Parliament Executive under British control Government of India Act 1935: Federation of Provinces and independant principates «Dualistic» central Government: Governor general named by GB and Council of Ministers (supported by national Parliament) Elective two-chambers Parliament: Federal Assembly + Council of State India Indipendence Act 1947: Indipendence of Federal Republic of India and Pakistan LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII

LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII Constitution Approved in 1949 Introduction: India “a sovereign and democratic” and “laicistic and socialist” (since 1976) Republic Joining the federation: free and unilateral process (under pressures of central Government) Republican structure and democratic method: “basic features of the Constitution” (Supreme Court), not possibile to be changed Since 1976: Social legal State (rule of law) «Material» federal State: «open» federalism, powers to the member States in peaceful times, enforcement of the Center during crisis Difficult conservation of unity in such a different and various context: strong role of central Government, open to autonomy claims of members States LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII

LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII Government Inspiration: Westminster model President of the Union: Head of the Executive (Art. 52) Political guidelines decided by the relationship Parliament-Government Government expressed by the Chamber of the People (lower Chamber) Elected with Majority system (First-past-the-post) Two-levels party system : Federal level: national parties Regional level: regional or local parties Coalition cabinets (since 1990s) LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII

Government Chamber of the States (Rajya Sabha) Chamber of the People Center: asimmetric two-chambers Pariament Chamber of the People (Lok Sabha) Center of the form of government (Confidence to the Executive) Representing the indian people In charge for 5 years Max. 552 members Actually: 545 (530 elected in States, 13 in Territories, 2 named by Pres. of the Union) Prevailing «Money Bills» Chamber of the States (Rajya Sabha) Representing the States Paritarian legislative procedure Max. 520 members Elected by State Parliaments Renewed 1/3 every 2 years Office: 6 years LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII

LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII President of the Union Formal Head of Executive in ordinary times Special powers in institutional crisis and emergencies Indirectly elected: Constituence proportionally reflecting parties in Parliament and member States Election: Members of both Chambers Members of State Parliaments Constitutional duty: warranting uniform representation of single States (higher specific wheight of less populated States, with less «Big Electors») LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII

LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII Executive Premier named by President of the Union Ministers expressed by Premier «Cabinet»: not named in the Constitution Prime Minister: leader of the winning party or minor party in coalition governments with better chances to rule the coalition Prime Minister: choosing the government team Consociative parliamentarism (now) and majoritarian (first 40 years) Cabinet: complex organ expressing political guidelines 20 members, frequent meetings Council of Ministers: Cabinet + States Ministers + Deputy Ministers = 70 members, rarely meeting LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII I

LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII Federal Structure Cooperative and dynamic federalism: First step, enforcing Center, further establishment of member States Member States influencing national politics on two levels: Through Chamber of States Through regional parties, crucial for national majorities in Chamebr of People Institutional structure in member States: recalling the Federation. Governor named by the Center, with similar functions as the President of the Union Special autonomy for Jammu and Kashmir (islamic majority) LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII

LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII Federal Structure II Competences: three lists Exclusive competence of the Union Concurring competence Exclusive competence of member States «Centripet» federalism: residual clause for Federation Requested cooperation, more than separation, between the different levels Administrative function to the States for legislative competence, and possible delegation from Federation Possible substitution of the Federation to member States Intervention of the Federation in legislative completences of member States in execution of international treaties (ex. Environment) LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII

LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII Federal Structure III Warranties of federalism by Supreme Court President’s Rule: power of the President to recall a State government and embody of its powers in case of non functioning state constitutional organs Three decentralization levels in the States: District (regions) Intermediate level (only in most populated States) Lower level: village panchayats, rural bodies, and municipalities, urban bodies LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII

LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Diritto Pubblico comparato – Lezione VIII Legal Sources Longest Constitution of the world: 395 articles «Unifiyng» function of the Constitution Legal order founded on common law (customs and jurisprudence), with a extremely detailed text (civil law tradition) Mixed system Complex revision procedure of the Constitution : 3 different procedures, according the relevance of the provisions to change Lower sources: Federal laws: ordinary laws and «money bills» Urgent presiential orders Delegated legislation LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Diritto Pubblico comparato – Lezione VIII

Constitutional Justice Wider acess to constitutional Justice: consequence of common law tradition Structure Member States Ruled by Federal Constitution: Supreme Court High Courts Lower courts Ruled by state legislation: d) First level courts Union Supreme Court High Court, 21 members High number of judges LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII

Constitutional Justice II Top: Supreme Court Last level of ordinary Justice and b) Judicial review Recent activity of state courts Double function: Warranting legal relationship between institutions Warranting fundamental rights - Wide Bill of Rights - Action against violations mde by laws, orders and adm. Procedures Consulting function for the President of the Union LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII

LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII Fundamental rights Goal: social, political and economic Justice Bill of Rights: Wide list (excluded Property) Further constitutional provisions (principles and «fundamental duties») Defending multietnicity and multicultural dimension «Positive actions» Weak categories: Tribal communities (50 mil.) Disadvantaged Casts (150 mil.) Disadvantaged classes (difficult quantification) LUISS G. Carli - De Petris – Comparative Public Law – Lesson VIII