Crusades (p. 264-268)

I. Causes A. 1000’s group of Turkish monks capture Jerusalem; Christian pilgrims were attacked B. Turks raid Byzantine Empire – emperor asks Pope Urban II for help C. Pope calls for Christians to retake holy land D. sewed crosses on clothes so therefore called crusaders “marked with a cross”; rallying cry was “God wills it!”

II. Crusades A. 1096 1. 5000 poorly equipped peasants attack Jews in Germany 2. Once in Jerusalem, Turks kill most   B. 1099 1. Nobles & knights took Jerusalem 2. Set up 4 kingdoms in Holy Land C. Within 50 years, Muslims regain most control D. 1147 – 1. 2nd French & German kings; 2. failure: poor planning & heavy losses

III. Muslims Retake Jerusalem A. 1189 3rd Crusade: England, France & Holy Roman Empire 1. German king dies 2. French leave 3. English king Richard I fights against Muslim leader Saladin a. mutual respect b. Richard wins protection for Christian pilgrims c. However, leaves with Jerusalem still owned by Muslims

1201 4th Crusade: French knights gather in Venice, 1. but no $.   1201 4th Crusade: French knights gather in Venice, 1. but no $. 2. Venice promises money if knights will conquer rival city. They do. 3. They also attack Constantinople C. 1291 Muslims control all of Holy Land

IV. Why did Crusades fail?   A. long distance B. not prepared for desert climate C. outnumbered D. fought amongst selves E. planned poorly

V. Changed Europe A. increased trade B. learned about products (ie. Apricots, rice, cotton) C. king’s power increases (many nobles died) D. Jews distrust Christians E. Increase tension between Byzantine’s & W. Christians F. Perspectives on each other change. 1. Muslims view Christians as vicious invaders 2. Christians view Muslims as unbelievers who threaten Christians