I. Background Post-WWII the European countries that had colonies throughout the world could no longer afford to keep them and slowly began to give up their territorial possessions - Colonies that did not make money were abandoned 1st

African Independence Movements

A. Ghana 1st African colony to gain independence in 1957 Kwame Nkrumah led peaceful demonstrations and boycotts to end British rule

Right when France gave up on Vietnam - poor France! B. Algeria Right when France gave up on Vietnam - poor France! Algerian War between 1954-1962 with France and the Algerian Liberation Front High death count and very violent

C. Kenya Mau Mau Rebellion against British rule, lasted 7 years, too much violence Jomo Kenyatta was imprisoned by Brits because he didn’t stop rebellion, but when Britain gave up colony in 1963, he became their 1st president

D. Congo Originally created under Leopold II as Belgium Congo then Congo Free State Went through several civil wars, the last in 1997 in which it divided country Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo

Young soldiers training Refugees fleeing area where 2 warlords are trying to seize power Young soldiers training

E. South Africa End of 2nd Boer War created Union of South Africa under British control gained self-rule in 1910 under all white gov’t and then in 1948 the National Party took over gov’t a. then created a system of segregation known as “Apartheid”, which limited all aspects of the Africans’ lives

African National Congress (ANC) led by Nelson Mandela protested, but he was then imprisoned and some leaders like Stephen Biko were killed In 1989, new president FW DeKlerk was elected; he legalized the ANC, freed Mandela 5. In 1994, the first all-race elections were held and the people elected Nelson Mandela.

III. Southeast Asia Philippines gained sovereignty from US Sri Lanka, Burma, Malaysia and Singapore gained freedom from Great Britain Indonesia gained independence from France and Netherlands

India Independence Movement

A. Under British rule had 2 groups 1. Hindus in Indian National Congress 2. Muslims in Muslim League B. Gandhi led many non-violent demonstrations 1. Salt March, peaceful march against Britain’s salt tax, protest, boycotts 2. Quit India Campaign – remove British rule where he fasted for a month 3. He was assassinated in 1948

In 1947 Britain split land into 2 parts: India for Hindus and Pakistan for Muslims a. Fought over land known as Kashmir, UN will step in and give land to both sides D. Pakistan will split in a civil war 1. West remained Pakistan 2. East gained independence and became known as Bangladesh