III. Nationalism Weakens Conservative Rule A)Ottoman Empire ruled by Muslim Turks 1. Ottoman Turks controlled Greeks, Arabs, Armenians, & Slavic-speaking Balkans 2. Revolutions in Greece (1827)& Balkans (1860s) LOSS 1827 3. Britain, France, Russia help Greeks win. Ottomans forced to grant equal citizenship to all B) Russian Empire ruled by the Romanovs 1. Czar Nicholas I begins Russification  forced Russian culture/language on other ethnic groups in the Empire 2. Nationalist revolution starts in Poland in 1830, Nicholas I tries to further expand Empire in Crimean War (1853) & loses 3. Alexander II emancipates peasants but is assassinated, Alexander III strengthens absolutism – more nationalist revolts

1866 1848 1866 1866 C) Austrian Empire ruled by the Hapsburgs 1. The Austrians controlled twelve different ethnic groups 2. 1848: Revolutions begin to breakout in the empire starting with the Czechs. 1866: Hungary attempts to split from Austria 3. Emperor Franz Joseph puts down Czech revolt but Hungary is given equal status, the Empire becomes Austria-Hungary 4. 1866: Austria loses their northern German States to Prussia in the Seven Weeks War 1866 1848 1866 1866

IV. Nationalism Unifies Italy A.1800:Giuseppe Mazzini begins Italian Nationalism movement B.1852: King Victor Emmanuel II (liberal) of the Italian state of Sardinia names Camillo di Cavour as his Prime Minister C.1858: Di Cavour wants to unify all Italians, convinces Napoleon III to help drive Austria out of No. Italy D. Sardinia & France beat Austria & unify all of Northern Italy except for the Venetian Region Camillo di Cavour Sardinia King Victor Emmanuel II