Warm up 9/24/18 Identify and describe two reasons that wetlands are ecologically important Farmer Keishi lives upstream from Freemont Creek which empties into the gulf of Mexico. Discuss one environmental problem this could cause. Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

Now Back to Earth. Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

Earth is a DYNAMIC (changing) PLANET Earth has 3 layers Core- Inner- solid, made of nickel and iron Outer- molten, made of iron and sulfur Mantle - Hot, pliable surrounds the core. Contains asthenosphere (slowly flowing rock) Crust – Solid outer surface – Oxygen primary element Oceanic crust = 71% Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

A Layered Sphere Describe the core, mantle and crust. Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

Tectonic Plates and Processes The lithosphere is NOT a solid sheet, it is broken into several pieces called tectonic plates (think of a cracked egg shell with the egg still inside) Plate Boundries – Where one or more plates meet The plates “float” on the Asthenosphere- so they can and DO MOVE Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

Plate Map What do you see along the plate boundaries? Make 3 observations Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

Volcanoes Earthquakes Mountains occur at plate boundaries Folded mountain belt Volcanoes Abyssal hills Abyssal floor Oceanic ridge Abyssal floor Abyssal plain Craton Trench Oceanic crust (lithosphere) Continental shelf Abyssal plain Continental slope Continental rise Continental crust (lithosphere) Mantle (lithosphere) Mantle (lithosphere) Figure 14.2: The earth’s crust and upper mantle have certain major features. The lithosphere, composed of the crust and outermost mantle, is rigid and brittle. The asthenosphere, a zone in the mantle, can be deformed by heat and pressure. Mantle (asthenosphere) Fig. 14-2, p. 348

3 types of plate Boundaries- 1. Convergent- two plates pushed towards each other- one is pushed into mantle (subduction) Forms big big mountains (Himalayas) and volcanoes Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

Forms Volcanoes and new ocean floor 2. Divergent-two plates moving away each other- causes a gap that is filled with lava Forms Volcanoes and new ocean floor 3. Transform fault- two plates slide against each other---EARTHQUAKES! Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

EARTHQUAKES Mostly occur at faults- or plate boundaries Plates colliding or rubbing cause energy to be released in the form or waves Epicenter – where it begins within the Earth Seismograph- tool that measures the size Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

The San Andreas Fault as It Crosses Part of the Carrizo Plain in California, U.S. Figure 14.5: This is the San Andreas Fault as it crosses part of the Carrizo plain between San Francisco and Los Angeles, California (USA). This fault, which runs almost the full length of California, is responsible for earthquakes of various magnitudes. Question: Is there a transform fault near where you live? Fig. 14-5, p. 350

World Earthquake Risk -List the places on Earth that have the greatest Earthquake Risk Figure 17, Supplement 8

Phenomenon- what’s going on? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGW9i_9qBa4 Why do tsunamis happen? Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

Tsunamis Huge wave caused by earthquake on the ocean floor (tidal wave) Sea floor moves and ocean water is displaced Travels several hundred miles per hour December 2004: Indian Ocean tsunami Magnitude 9.15 and 31-meter waves at shore

Don’t use these https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oWzdgBNfhQU Use Me! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wx9vPv-T51I https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OQ3oXIjPmaE Don’t use these Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

YOU DO How are tsunamis the same and different from regular waves? DESCRIBE – how a tsunami forms Why are they so deadly near a shore? What is the best defense against a tsunami Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

Volcanoes- release molton rock from Earth’s interior- mostly occur at plate boundaries Rift Volcanoes- divergent boundaries, - plates move apart forms new ocean floor Subduction Volcanoes- Form at convergent plate boundaries- one plate moves under another Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

1991: Eruption of Mount Pinatubo Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

Tectonic Processes Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

Mt Pinatubo Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.

1991: Eruption of Mount Pinatubo In Philipeans Huge cloud containing Sulfur Dioxide---- Sulfuric Acid---- Ozone destruction Lowered temp of Earth 1 degree F temporarily (blocking of solar energy) Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo: Environmental Science 7th Ed.