Aim: How did African-Americans challenge segregation after World War II? Do Now: a) Read the passage about racism following WWII and answer the discussion questions. Homework: a)Study for the Regents b) Review Classes on Tuesday and Thursday afternoon in 250

Racism in America 1. What is segregation? The enforced separation of different racial groups in a country, community, or establishment. 2. What were the two executive orders issued by President Truman? One instituted fair employment practices in the civilian agencies of the Federal government, while the other desegregated the armed forces. 3. Why can’t the U.S. just ignore the criticism from the Soviet Union or China? As leaders of the free world, we cannot take a stance on freedom and equality, while racism existed in America

Civil War Amendments 13th (1865) 14th (1868)  Outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. 14th (1868)  Its Due Process Clause prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken to ensure fairness. Its Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction. 15th (1870)  Prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".  

Types of Segregation de facto segregation – racial segregation established by practice and custom, not by law. de jure segregation – racial segregation established by law.

The Civil Rights Movement: The Role of Youths in the Struggle 1. In addition to the well-known leaders, who played a significant role in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s in the struggle for racial equality? 2. Despite the inclusive language of the Declaration of Independence, who were some of the people that were excluded from full participation in American society at the time it was enacted? 3. Describe segregation in the South during this time. Was segregation different in the North?

The Civil Rights Movement: The Role of Youths in the Struggle 4. Why was the Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson considered so important? 5. Why was Brown v. Board of Education considered such a landmark case? 6. What caught your attention most about the events surrounding the desegregation of Little Rock’s Central High School? How did you feel watching the footage?

The Civil Rights Movement: The Role of Youths in the Struggle 7. Define “civil disobedience.” How was it used by students in the Civil Rights Movement? 8. How did you feel watching the footage of the Children’s Crusade in Birmingham? Why? 9. What important act was signed into law by President Johnson after the events of Bloody Sunday in Selma, Alabama? 10. What ideas do you have for breaking down the racial barriers that exist between people today?

1947 Jackie Robinson breaks the “color barrier” in baseball

1948 ? Truman desegregates the military

Brown v. Board of Education is ruled on by the Supreme Court Brown v. Board of Education is ruled on by the Supreme Court. The case overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and said segregated facilities were unequal and led to the integration of the nation's public schools 1954?

Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white passenger; she was arrested for disobeying an Alabama law requiring black people to relinquish seats to white people. 1955?

Martin Luther King Jr. emerges as a leader of the Civil Rights Movement and leads the Montgomery Bus Boycott. 1955-1956?

Little Rock Crisis- Schools in Little Rock, Arkansas refused to admit African-Americans to all-white schools and President Eisenhower authorized the U.S. Army to escort and protect African-American students. 1957?

Freedom Rides - Protest to end the segregation of bus terminals where riders encountered violence but refused to give up and the Interstate Commerce Commission bans segregation in transportation. 1961?

University of Alabama - Gov. George C University of Alabama - Gov. George C. Wallace refused African-American students to register for classes and President Kennedy authorized the use of the National Guard to enforce integration. 1963?

Birmingham, Alabama - MLK called it "the most segregated city in the United States," - Demonstrators met with police dogs, electric cattle prods, and high-pressure fire hoses that were strong enough to strip a tree of its bark 1963?

1963? March on Washington – Massive demonstration in Washington, D.C. – Martin Luther King Jr. Delivers his “I Have A Dream” Speech.

1964? Civil Rights Act provided protection of voting rights, public facilities to all races, and job opportunities.

1965? Voting Rights Act ends poll taxes

1965? Civil Rights Leader Malcolm X is assassinated.

1968? Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated by James Earl Ray.

1968? Civil Rights Advocate Robert Kennedy is assassinated.

1970? Voting Rights Act ends all literacy tests and establishes 30 day residency requirements.

African American Militancy The militants believed in Black Power. New groups challenged traditional, non-violent organizations like the N.A.A.C.P. Black Panthers demanded reparations for centuries of discrimination. Black Muslims believed African Americans should have their own state. Malcolm X, a Black Muslim, argued for meeting violence, with violence, but he moderated his views after a pilgrimage to Mecca. He urged black to control their own communities. Rival Muslims assassinated him in 1965.

Martin Luther King Jr. Malcolm X

Sum It Up!!!!! How did African-Americans challenge segregation after World War II?