Diet and Cardiovascular Disease: Advances and Challenges in Population-Based Studies  An Pan, Xu Lin, Elena Hemler, Frank B. Hu  Cell Metabolism  Volume 27, Issue 3, Pages 489-496 (March 2018) DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.017 Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 1 The Typical Hierarchy of Study Designs Based on Ability to Infer Causality Cell Metabolism 2018 27, 489-496DOI: (10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.017) Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions

Figure 2 Trends in Energy Intake from Carbohydrate and Fat and Corresponding Increase in Obesity-Related Chronic Diseases in China, 1992–2012 Data on percentage of carbohydrate and fat intake, as well as the prevalence of overweight and obesity, are from Chinese nutrition and health surveillance reports in 2002 (National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People’s Republic of China, 2004) and 2012 (Chang and Wang, 2016). The surveillance reports used the Chinese cut-off point defining overweight as 24 ≤ BMI < 28 and obesity as BMI ≥ 28. The data extracted here were among adults (>18 years old). The prevalence of hypertension in adults was 13.6% in 1991 (Tao et al., 1995), 17.7% in 2002 (Wu et al., 2008), and 33.5% in 2010 (Li et al., 2012). The prevalence of diabetes in adults was 2.5% in 1994 (Pan et al., 1997), 5.5% in 2000 to 2001 (Gu et al., 2003), and 10.9% in 2013 (Wang et al., 2017b). Cell Metabolism 2018 27, 489-496DOI: (10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.017) Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. Terms and Conditions