1. If you did not get a Unit 2 vocab grab one from the basket (due Friday). 2. Get out your Do Now Happy Wednesday

CNN 10 KWL K – What did you know? W – What do you want to know? L – What did you learn? American Connection:

Road to Revolution Unit 2

Essential Question: How did imperial competition between Britain & France lead to the French & Indian War? Imperial – extending countries power

Class Activity North America 1754 Color (label colonies if you’d like) the map provided to identify the extent of the Spanish, French, & British colonial control in North America by 1750 (You have 10 min) Why would there be conflict? How do you think this will affect the colonies?

Key Preview Questions North America 1754 Which nation on the map had the “best” colonies? Why? Based on the map, what problems might arise among the European powers? How should these nations work out their differences?

Ohio Valley Area of focus

By 1750, Britain & France had become serious rivals because: Both nations used mercantilism to expand their colonial claims in order to increase their wealth Both nations used mercantilism to expand their colonial claims in order to increase their wealth WAR – “Wars for Empire” – fights over balance of power, expansionism, mercantilism, and Indian alliances. Britain & France went to war 3 times in Europe from 1690-1750 These wars in Europe meant that their colonists would fight too

During the 1700s, both the British & French colonies were growing Land disputes along the Ohio River Valley led to the French & Indian War

The growth of the British & French colonies impacted Natives too: The French increased their alliances with Native Americans along the Ohio River Valley The spread of British colonists into the backcountry & across the Appalachian Mountains led to numerous Indian conflicts

Indians grew increasingly concerned about British colonists filling into the backcountry New settlement

The plan was not approved In 1754, colonists from across the British colonies met at the Albany Congress to discuss the common problem of Indian attacks Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan of Union for a coordinated colonial army Approved by delegates but was not ratified by the colonies as a whole The long term impact is there was a creation of a taxed militia The plan was not approved The colonists lacked the unity to solve a common problem, only 7 colonies were at the meeting

Ben Franklin’s “Albany Plan of Union” America’s 1st political cartoon Friday last an Express message arrived here from Major [George] Washington, that Mr. Ward of Capt. Trent’s colony (British-American Colonist), was compelled to surrender his small fort in the Ohio River Valley to the French colonists…on the 17th, they fell to a French attack- the French colonists had a Fleet of 360 Battleships and Canoes, upwards of 1000 Men, and 18 Pieces of Artillery, which they planted against the Fort; and Mr. Ward and the American colonists having but 44 Men, and no Cannon to make a proper Defense, was obliged to surrender… -Benjamin Franklin – Join or Die May 9, 1754 Pennsylvania Gazette What does Join or Die mean? What do the abbreviations represent? --During the 1700’s there was a popular myth that suggested that if you put together the pieces of a dead snake that had been cut up before sundown, the pieces of the snake would magically rejoin. 1. According to the reports Benjamin Franklin has read, what advantages do the French colonists looking for land in the Ohio River Valley have over the British-American colonists? French have more people, battleships, artillery, and canoes British were forced to surrender because the lack of people and no clear defense

Ben Franklin’s “Albany Plan of Union” America’s 1st political cartoon We hear that some few of the English Traders on the Ohio lands escaped, but ’tis supposed the greatest Part of the lands are taken by the French...all the colonists lost their goods, homes, lands, and skins, to the amount of near 20,000 British pounds….‘Tis also said, that besides the French that came down from the north, another Body of French army men near 400, is coming up the Ohio; and that 600 French Indians... to join them; and many more French are expected from Canada; the plan being to establish themselves, settle their Indians in the Ohio River Valley…..the French Indians may send out their Parties to kill and scalp the colonists,...and ruin the Frontier British American Counties. Benjamin Franklin – Join or Die May 9, 1754 Pennsylvania Gazette What has happened to the British settlers (English traders) who were able to escape the French army? Lost their goods, homes, lands, and skins to the British Benjamin Franklin suggests that further French military reinforcements will be arriving in the Ohio River Valley soon. How could this information motivate the colonies to unite? Without unification they may continue to lose their goods and possible ruin what the 13 colonies has built at this point.

Ben Franklin’s “Albany Plan of Union” America’s 1st political cartoon Accordingly we hear, that the Back Settlers in Virginia, are so terrify’d by the Murdering and Scalping of the Family last Winter, and the Taking of this Fort, that they begin already to abandon their Plantations, and remove to Places of more Safety. — The Confidence of the French in this seems well-grounded on the present disunited State of the British Colonies, and the extreme Difficulty of bringing so many different Governments and Assemblies to agree in any speedy and effectual Measures for our common Defence and Security; while our Enemies have the very great Advantage of being under one Direction, with one Council, and one Purse. Hence, and from the great Distance of Britain, they presume that they may... kill, seize and imprison our Traders, and confiscate [steal] their goods and possessions at Pleasure (as they have done for several Years past) murder and scalp our Farmers, with their Wives and Children, and take an easy Possession of such Parts of the British Territory as they find most convenient and want for them; which if they are permitted to do, must end in the Destruction of the British Interest, Trade and Plantations in America. Benjamin Franklin – Join or Die May 9, 1754 Pennsylvania Gazette What advantage do the French-American colonists have over the British-American Colonists? One leader, one government, and one funding How does the information in part 3 support the argument that Ben Franklin presented in parts 1 & 2? Continues to show how the colonists are taken advantage of and must unite against this great power! Does Benjamin Franklin appeal to the emotional side of colonists? How? Is honest and tells them they could lose it all if they do not unite!

Ben Franklin’s “Albany Plan of Union” America’s 1st political cartoon What does Join or Die mean? What do the abbreviations represent? --During the 1700’s there was a popular myth that suggested that if you put together the pieces of a dead snake that had been cut up before sundown, the pieces of the snake would magically rejoin. -- Many colonies don’t want to fully unite because they do not necessarily believe it is their war to fight and that they don’t want to lose their own sense of power and government.

Turning Point: 1754 In 1754, VA governor sent 22 year old George Washington to protect an Ohio Company claim Du-cane Washington’s troops were forced to retreat from Fort Duquesne; This clash proved to be the beginning of the French & Indian War

The French and Indian War (1754-1763) Britain & the North American colonists France, their colonists, & Indian allies vs

What are they competing for? The war started in North America (1754-1763), but became part of a larger, “world” war called the Seven Years War (1756-1763) due to competition among empires

The French and Indian War (1754-1763) Britain was losing during the early years of the war The colonists saw this war as another European conflict & did not help fight or raise taxes as much as England expected But, in 1757, British Prime Minister William Pitt issued a “blank check” to win the war What does this tell us about American Identity at this time? Pitt understood that winning this war meant the future of British mercantilism – focused on the end goal of retaining the land. Blank check – Recruited colonists, provided supplies, and promised them reimbursement after the war (problematic)

The war officially ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763 France lost Canada, most of its empire in India, & claims to lands east of the Mississippi River England – how will the rights to the Caribbean effect the colonies? Spanish had joined the side of the French – that is why they lost Florida England gained all French lands in Canada & exclusive rights to the Caribbean slave trade Spain had all lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England

What major changes occur? North America 1754 North America 1763

Key Review Questions North America 1763 How did winning the French & Indian War set up Britain as the dominant economic power in the world? What effect might this victory have on British mercantilism? How might this war impact the British colonists? Indians?

How was 1763 a “turning point” in American history How was 1763 a “turning point” in American history? Situational Role Play Activity 1st period – start here! Navigation acts – regulated colonial trade through taxing the colonies British colonies were restricted to British ships instead of other traders

Situation #1 According to the Treaty of Paris in 1763 that ended the French & Indian War, the French have no more colonies in North America (except Haiti in the Caribbean)

Situation #2 After the end of the French & Indian War, Parliament decided to leave the British army in North America

Situation #3 The costs of winning the French & Indian War left the British Empire in severe debt that it now must pay off: British national debt, 1755: £74.6 million British national debt, 1764: £129.6 million

Recap Pre French and Indian war: Why were the French and British rivals? What was the Albany plan of union? What was the outcome of the Treaty of Paris? Land conflict in the Americas Benjamin Franklins idea to have the colonies unite to fight off the French and come together as one – colonies wouldn’t agree to it because they were worried about losing their own power French ceded all land to Brits/Spanish

Colonists learned new guerilla fighting tactics from the Indians North America 1763 The French & Indian War changed the relationship between Britain & the American colonists Colonists were excited about the possibility of new land in the west now that the French were gone Colonists learned new guerilla fighting tactics from the Indians

William Pitt’s “blank check” led to huge war debts Parliament expected colonists to help pay off these debts More decisions would now be made by British Parliament Colonists said they did not actually agree to help pay off the debt, plus many of them did not actually fight in this war.

The expensive British army was not removed from America North America 1763 Other problems strained the relationship between Britain & the colonists after the war: The expensive British army was not removed from America The Ottawa Indians, led by Chief Pontiac, attacked frontier settlers who flooded into the Ohio Valley – Pontiac’s Rebellion Colonist moved into PA/VA as the land was now “theirs” These Indian attacks were trying to weaken the British colonists to get the French back Ran out of gun powder Ended up making peace with the British

Britain had to spend more money defending colonists in the frontier Pontiac’s Rebellion, 1763 Britain had to spend more money defending colonists in the frontier

Proclamation of 1763 After Pontiac’s Rebellion, the British Parliament created the Proclamation Line of 1763 Forbade colonists from moving across the Appalachian Mountains Colonists were mad because this limited their ability to gain new land British liked the line – limited conflict, controlled mass exodus from eastern cities to the west Natives thought it was better than nothing – help protect their land FAIL – colonists don’t care what the British say, they aren’t there to enforce it Colonists were mad that this decision was made by Parliament & not in colonial assemblies

The British began governing their colonies more strictly The French & Indian War brought an end to salutary neglect & began parliamentary sovereignty English officials assumed that Parliament must have ultimate authority over ALL laws & taxes Salutary neglect: practice of the King giving little attention to the colonies as long as raw resources were available and markets were profitable Why would the Brits care about the colonies more now? Why would they want to enforce the rules now? The British began governing their colonies more strictly “Parliament has the authority to rule”

The end of salutary neglect New taxes & laws were passed without asking colonial assemblies As Britain assumed more control, the colonists tried to hang onto the power of their colonial assemblies This shift would prove to be the beginning of the long road towards colonial independence

Activity In groups, summarize the following: As a result of the French & Indian War, how have things changed? Why was the war defined as a “turning point”? From the British government perspective, why are these changes necessary? From the colonial perspective, why are these changes difficult to handle?