Review! What function does a battery serve in a circuit? Why are metals often used in circuits?

Q: What is a circuit? Circuits are often drawn as a diagram using the symbols given below:

Practice Draw a series circuit with an open switch, triple cell battery, and one resistor.

Q: What are some “types” of circuits? Complete vs. Incomplete Pathway Closed circuit. Just means the circuit is complete and electricity CAN travel thru it. Open Circuit Means the circuit is incomplete and electricity CANNOT travel thru it. Usually, this occurs when you move a switch to the off position.

Organization of Pathway Series Circuit All the objects that work is done on (ie. light bulb) are in a straight path. In a series circuit, you can travel from one object to the next only ONE way. There are no options! Parallel Circuit Objects that work is done on (ie. light bulb) are NOT in straight path. In a parallel circuit, you have options as to how you can travel from one object to the next!

Q: What is an electrical current? Electrons (charges) in motion Comparison to water hose: This is the moving water

Q: How is current measured? Current is measured in terms of the rate at which electrons travel THROUGH a circuit In an equation, current is symbolized by I Units: amperes or amps (A)

Q: How is current measured? Tool Used to Measure: Ammeter Comparison to water hose: This is like if you sat in one spot and counted how many water molecules passed you in a certain amount of time For example, if 20 water molecules (electrons) pass in 10 s, my current is 2 A. (20/10 = 2)

Q: What is voltage? Voltage is a measure of the amount of force (pressure) that keeps the electrons flowing ACROSS circuit. Imagine when you are walking in the hallway and people in front of you stop and block the hall. This creates a high pressure (pile of people/electrons) before the “resistor” (stopped people) and low pressure after. Causes VOLTAGE

Q: What is voltage? In an equation, voltage has the symbol V Units: Volts (V) The voltage of a typical small battery is 1.5 V. The voltage of a typical car battery is 12 V. Tool Used to Measure: Voltmeter Comparison to water hose: This is like the water pressure difference before and after a blockage

Q: What is resistance? The amount of resistance present tells us how much the flow (current) is restricted by the material (resistor) Resistance is caused by friction. Different materials experience different amounts of friction.

Q: What is resistance? In an equation, resistance is symbolized by r or R. Units: Ohms (Ω) Comparison to water hose: This is like squeezing the hose in one spot (acting like a resistor) to cause the flow of water to slow down (resistance)

Q: How are all of these related? Ohms Law: The current thru a circuit (I) is directly related to the force keeping the electrons flowing (V) and inversely related to the resistance (R) present in the circuit Equation V I R I = V R

Q: How are all of these related? Units: I in amps, V in volts, R in ohms. DO NOT calculate before you convert to get rid of any prefixes (ie. mV needs to be converted to V! kΩ needs to be converted to Ω!) Remember when we used to convert from kg to g? Or mm to m? Same idea here!

1)The headlights of a typical car are powered by a 12 V battery 1)The headlights of a typical car are powered by a 12 V battery. What is the resistance of the headlights if they draw 3.0 A of current when they are turned on? R = V/ I = 12 V/3 A R = 4 Ω

2) A clothes dryer is equipped with an electric heater 2) A clothes dryer is equipped with an electric heater. The heater works by passing air across an electric wire that is hot because of the current in it. The wire’s resistance is 10.0 Ω and the current in the wire equals 24 A. What is the voltage across the heater wire? V = I x R = 24 A x 10.0 Ω = 240 V

3)An electric car is equipped with a 50 hp (horse power) motor 3)An electric car is equipped with a 50 hp (horse power) motor. The voltage across the motor’s terminals equals 500 V and the resistance in the motor’s circuit 7.5 Ω. How large is the current in the motor? I = V/R = 500 V/ 7.5 Ω = 66.67 A