© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Urine collection occurs in the _______ of the kidney. cortex medulla columns pelvis Answer: d. pelvis © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Urine collection occurs in the _______ of the kidney. cortex medulla columns pelvis © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

What fraction of the cardiac output is delivered to the kidneys each minute? 1/1000 1/2 1/4 3/4 Answer: c. 1/4 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

What fraction of the cardiac output is delivered to the kidneys each minute? 1/1000 1/2 1/4 3/4 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The blood-filtering structure of the kidney is called the _______. glomerular capsule renal tubule glomerulus nephron Answer: c. glomerulus © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The blood-filtering structure of the kidney is called the _______. glomerular capsule renal tubule glomerulus nephron © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The urine-forming units of the kidney are the _______. glomerular capsules renal tubules glomeruli nephrons Answer: d. nephrons © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The urine-forming units of the kidney are the _______. glomerular capsules renal tubules glomeruli nephrons © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Proximal convoluted tubule Thin segment of the nephron loop Based on the histology of a renal tubule, which section would be most severely inhibited if simple squamous epithelium were damaged? Proximal convoluted tubule Thin segment of the nephron loop Thick segment of the nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule Answer: b. Thin segment of the nephron loop © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Proximal convoluted tubule Thin segment of the nephron loop Based on the histology of a renal tubule, which section would be most severely inhibited if simple squamous epithelium were damaged? Proximal convoluted tubule Thin segment of the nephron loop Thick segment of the nephron loop Distal convoluted tubule © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The vasa recta are associated with which structures in the kidney? Glomeruli Juxtamedullary nephrons Afferent arterioles Cortical nephrons Answer: b. Juxtamedullary nephrons © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The vasa recta are associated with which structures in the kidney? Glomeruli Juxtamedullary nephrons Afferent arterioles Cortical nephrons © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

mesangial; filtration filtration; mesangial granular; macula densa The juxtaglomerular apparatus is made of _______ cells from the afferent arteriole and the _______ cells of the DCT. mesangial; filtration filtration; mesangial granular; macula densa macula densa; granular Answer: c. granular; macula densa © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

mesangial; filtration filtration; mesangial granular; macula densa The juxtaglomerular apparatus is made of _______ cells from the afferent arteriole and the _______ cells of the DCT. mesangial; filtration filtration; mesangial granular; macula densa macula densa; granular © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated. Which of the following factors contribute(s) to the higher filtration rate in the glomerular capillaries compared with other capillary beds? The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated. The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the diameter of the afferent arteriole. The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is very porous. All of the above contribute. Answer: d. All of the above contribute. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated. Which of the following factors contribute(s) to the higher filtration rate in the glomerular capillaries compared with other capillary beds? The glomerular capillaries are fenestrated. The diameter of the efferent arteriole is smaller than the diameter of the afferent arteriole. The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule is very porous. All of the above contribute. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

How would giving a patient intravenous albumin affect filtration? Due to higher colloid osmotic pressure, the net filtration pressure would be lower. Too much protein in the diet would abolish all filtration. High blood pressure from increased plasma proteins would increase filtration to twice its normal rate. Filtration would be unchanged, but the kidneys would suffer damage. Answer: a. Due to higher colloid osmotic pressure, the net filtration pressure would be lower. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

How would giving a patient intravenous albumin affect filtration? Due to higher colloid osmotic pressure, the net filtration pressure would be lower. Too much protein in the diet would abolish all filtration. High blood pressure from increased plasma proteins would increase filtration to twice its normal rate. Filtration would be unchanged, but the kidneys would suffer damage. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The afferent arterioles would constrict. What type of response by the afferent arterioles would you expect if blood pressure increased? The afferent arterioles would constrict. The afferent arterioles would dilate. The afferent arterioles would stimulate renin release. The afferent arterioles would not respond to blood pressure changes. Answer: a. The afferent arterioles would constrict. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The afferent arterioles would constrict. What type of response by the afferent arterioles would you expect if blood pressure increased? The afferent arterioles would constrict. The afferent arterioles would dilate. The afferent arterioles would stimulate renin release. The afferent arterioles would not respond to blood pressure changes. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Autoregulatory mechanisms are most effective: for renin secretion. when the arterial pressure drops below 80 mm Hg. at releasing epinephrine. when the arterial pressure is between 80 and 180 mm Hg. Answer: d. when the arterial pressure is between 80 and 180 mm Hg. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Autoregulatory mechanisms are most effective: for renin secretion. when the arterial pressure drops below 80 mm Hg. at releasing epinephrine. when the arterial pressure is between 80 and 180 mm Hg. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

systemic blood pressure cardiac output urine formation Extrinsic controls regulate glomerular filtration rate as a means of regulating _______. systemic blood pressure cardiac output urine formation red blood cell production Answer: a. systemic blood pressure © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

systemic blood pressure cardiac output urine formation Extrinsic controls regulate glomerular filtration rate as a means of regulating _______. systemic blood pressure cardiac output urine formation red blood cell production © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Blood pressure elevation Lowering blood sodium levels Both a and b Which of the following general functions can be assigned to the renin-angiotensin system? Water conservation Blood pressure elevation Lowering blood sodium levels Both a and b Answer: d. Both a and b © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Blood pressure elevation Lowering blood sodium levels Both a and b Which of the following general functions can be assigned to the renin-angiotensin system? Water conservation Blood pressure elevation Lowering blood sodium levels Both a and b © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The volume would increase. What would be the effect on urine output if sodium channels in the tubule cells were inhibited? The volume would increase. The volume would decrease, then quickly resume The volume would decrease by half the sodium concentration. The volume would decrease by one-tenth the sodium concentration. Answer: a. The volume would increase. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The volume would increase. What would be the effect on urine output if sodium channels in the tubule cells were inhibited? The volume would increase. The volume would decrease, then quickly resume The volume would decrease by half the sodium concentration. The volume would decrease by one-tenth the sodium concentration. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where does primary active transport of sodium occur in proximal convoluted tubule cells? Apical membrane Basolateral membrane Lateral membrane Endothelial membrane Answer: b. Basolateral membrane © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Where does primary active transport of sodium occur in proximal convoluted tubule cells? Apical membrane Basolateral membrane Lateral membrane Endothelial membrane © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why is glucose in the urine an indicator of diabetes mellitus? Glucose occupies all the transport carriers and it is no longer reabsorbed. Because diabetics cannot regulate their glucose. When blood glucose is high, it is secreted in the urine. Because diabetics have high levels of glucagon. Answer: a. Glucose occupies all the transport carriers and it is no longer reabsorbed. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why is glucose in the urine an indicator of diabetes mellitus? Glucose occupies all the transport carriers and it is no longer reabsorbed. Because diabetics cannot regulate their glucose. When blood glucose is high, it is secreted in the urine. Because diabetics have high levels of glucagon. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why do high levels of potassium stimulate aldosterone secretion? Aldosterone stimulates potassium secretion at potassium-specific pumps. Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to reabsorb sodium while simultaneously secreting potassium. Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to secrete sodium while simultaneously reabsorbing potassium. High levels of potassium accompany high levels of sodium. Answer: b. Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to reabsorb sodium while simultaneously secreting potassium. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why do high levels of potassium stimulate aldosterone secretion? Aldosterone stimulates potassium secretion at potassium-specific pumps. Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to reabsorb sodium while simultaneously secreting potassium. Aldosterone stimulates the sodium-potassium pump to secrete sodium while simultaneously reabsorbing potassium. High levels of potassium accompany high levels of sodium. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Countercurrent multiplication Which of the following processes in urine formation is important for regulating blood pH? Secretion Reabsorption Filtration Countercurrent multiplication Answer: a. Secretion © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Countercurrent multiplication Which of the following processes in urine formation is important for regulating blood pH? Secretion Reabsorption Filtration Countercurrent multiplication © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Alcohol stimulates pain receptors in the brain. Drinking too much alcohol results in a headache the next day. Why does this happen? Alcohol stimulates pain receptors in the brain. Alcohol stimulates sodium reabsorption. Alcohol stimulates aldosterone secretion. Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion. Answer: d. Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Alcohol stimulates pain receptors in the brain. Drinking too much alcohol results in a headache the next day. Why does this happen? Alcohol stimulates pain receptors in the brain. Alcohol stimulates sodium reabsorption. Alcohol stimulates aldosterone secretion. Alcohol inhibits ADH secretion. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why is the osmolarity of medullary fluid in the kidney almost four times higher than the osmolarity of plasma? The nephron loop acts as a countercurrent multiplier and contributes solutes to the interstitial fluid. Urea is recycled from the collecting duct and is transported to the interstitial fluid. The medullary cells in the kidney synthesize solutes to establish the high osmolarity. Both a and b occur. Answer: d. Both a and b occur. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Why is the osmolarity of medullary fluid in the kidney almost four times higher than the osmolarity of plasma? The nephron loop acts as a countercurrent multiplier and contributes solutes to the interstitial fluid. Urea is recycled from the collecting duct and is transported to the interstitial fluid. The medullary cells in the kidney synthesize solutes to establish the high osmolarity. Both a and b occur. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

How does ADH contribute to the formation of concentrated urine? ADH increases the permeability of the ascending limb of the nephron loop to water. ADH increases the permeability of the descending limb of the nephron loop to water. ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membrane. ADH decreases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by inhibiting the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membrane. Answer: c. ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membrane. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

How does ADH contribute to the formation of concentrated urine? ADH increases the permeability of the ascending limb of the nephron loop to water. ADH increases the permeability of the descending limb of the nephron loop to water. ADH increases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by stimulating the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membrane. ADH decreases the permeability of the collecting duct to water by inhibiting the insertion of aquaporins into the luminal membrane. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

What role do the vasa recta play in urine formation? The vasa recta create the medullary osmotic gradient. The vasa recta protect the medullary osmotic gradient by preventing rapid removal of salt. The vasa recta receive the dilute filtrate from the distal convoluted tubule. The vasa recta deliver urea to the medullary interstitial fluid Answer: b. The vasa recta protect the medullary osmotic gradient by preventing rapid removal of salt. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

What role do the vasa recta play in urine formation? The vasa recta create the medullary osmotic gradient. The vasa recta protect the medullary osmotic gradient by preventing rapid removal of salt. The vasa recta receive the dilute filtrate from the distal convoluted tubule. The vasa recta deliver urea to the medullary interstitial fluid © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

It dictates the dosage and frequency of administration of drugs. When considering drug administration, why is it important to know the renal clearance rate of the drug? It dictates the dosage and frequency of administration of drugs. It denotes how often drugs are recycled in the kidney. It is used to determine the healing rate of an infection. All of the above are factors in renal clearance rate. Answer: a. It dictates the dosage and frequency of administration of drugs. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

It dictates the dosage and frequency of administration of drugs. When considering drug administration, why is it important to know the renal clearance rate of the drug? It dictates the dosage and frequency of administration of drugs. It denotes how often drugs are recycled in the kidney. It is used to determine the healing rate of an infection. All of the above are factors in renal clearance rate. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following constitutes the largest solute component of urine? Sodium Potassium Urea Creatine Answer: c. Urea © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following constitutes the largest solute component of urine? Sodium Potassium Urea Creatine © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

brown color; bile pigments fruity odor; acetone acidic pH; protein Urine from a person with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus has a(n) _______ due to the presence of _______. brown color; bile pigments fruity odor; acetone acidic pH; protein high specific gravity; sodium chloride Answer: b. fruity odor; acetone © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

brown color; bile pigments fruity odor; acetone acidic pH; protein Urine from a person with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus has a(n) _______ due to the presence of _______. brown color; bile pigments fruity odor; acetone acidic pH; protein high specific gravity; sodium chloride © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following is not a layer of the ureter? Muscularis Mucosa Adventitia Endothelium Answer: d. Endothelium © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following is not a layer of the ureter? Muscularis Mucosa Adventitia Endothelium Answer: d. Endothelium © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The wall contains smooth muscle. Which feature of the bladder predisposes it to being able to stretch and relax repeatedly? The wall contains smooth muscle. The trigone acts as a spring when the bladder empties. The walls are highly folded into rugae and the epithelium is transitional. When emptied, the digestive viscera compress the bladder. Answer: c. The walls are highly folded into rugae and the epithelium is transitional. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The wall contains smooth muscle. Which feature of the bladder predisposes it to being able to stretch and relax repeatedly? The wall contains smooth muscle. The trigone acts as a spring when the bladder empties. The walls are highly folded into rugae and the epithelium is transitional. When emptied, the digestive viscera compress the bladder. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The process of voiding the bladder is called _______. micturition the urethral reflex detrusor activation incontinence Answer: a. micturition © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The process of voiding the bladder is called _______. micturition the urethral reflex detrusor activation incontinence © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Males have three urethral sphincters. What is the functional difference between a male urethra and a female urethra? Males have three urethral sphincters. The male urethra is shared with the reproductive system. The male urethra is connected to the renal pelvis. The female urethra is much longer than a male’s. Answer: b. The male urethra is shared with the reproductive system. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Males have three urethral sphincters. What is the functional difference between a male urethra and a female urethra? Males have three urethral sphincters. The male urethra is shared with the reproductive system. The male urethra is connected to the renal pelvis. The female urethra is much longer than a male’s. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following is not a change that occurs with old age? The bladder shrinks The number of nephrons decreases Loss of bladder tone Nocturia decreases Answer: d. Nocturia decreases © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Which of the following is not a change that occurs with old age? The bladder shrinks The number of nephrons decreases Loss of bladder tone Nocturia decreases Answer: d. decreases © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.