Class Aves 1

Fig. 27.2 2

The Origin of Birds Most paleontologists agree that the common ______________ of all existing birds was a type of small, feathered ______________. Recent _________ discoveries of feathered dinosaurs in China _________ this hypothesis. Caudipteryx zoui Sinornithosaurus millenii Microraptor gui 3

4

Caudipteryx Feathered dinosaur ________________ Transitional fossil Only front of upper jaw _______ feathers 5

Archaeopteryx Represents an animal that lived about ______ million years ago. Unlike modern birds, Archaeopteryx had __________ forelimbs, _________, and a long tail with vertebrae—all ____________ characteristics. In fact, if the _____________ had not been preserved in the fossil, Archaeopteryx probably would have been identified as a small dinosaur. 6

Fig. 27.7b 7

Evolution of Flight Running Hypothesis 8

Microraptor gui 9

Evolution of Flight Gliding Hypothesis 10

A Separate Taxon? ________________ and ___________ evidence has convinced most biologists that birds are actually reptiles. The evidence indicates that crocodilians and birds are more ___________ related to each other than either one of them is to snakes and lizards. 11

Class Aves Feathers _____ teeth Flexible long ________ _________ on legs Bones with _____ spaces ________________ ________ chambered heart 12

Characteristics of Birds Bony __________, no teeth Large muscular ____________ ____________ – walk on two legs Large, yolked, hard-shelled, ____________ eggs The parent bird provides extensive _______ of the young until it is grown Strong, lightweight ____________ Specialized adaptations for ___________: Keratinous ____________ (modified scales) that function in both flight and insulation Specialized ________ shape that produces lift Numerous weight-reducing features 13

Internal Anatomy

Adaptations for Flight Honey combed __________ ______ cavities Less weight 15

Adaptations for Flight Reduce __________ weight No teeth No urinary ______________ No penis Only ______ ovary 16

_________________________ Frigate bird 7 foot wing span 4 ounce skeleton 17

Wings Most birds have ________________ wings. Wing _________ is closely related to wing _______________. 18

Adaptations for Flight Wing _____ 19

Adaptations for Flight ____________ Light weight Strong 20

21

Adaptations for Flight Enlarged ____________ Flight muscle attachment Long __________ balance 22

11-25 ____________ Vertebrae 23

Fig. 27.7a 24

_____________ – support for tail 25

Skull Most bones fused Much ___________ than reptile or mammal skull 26

Flying Styles Different styles of flying: Cardinals and finches rapidly _____________ altitude as they fly, a behavior that helps them avoid _____________. Falcons and albatrosses are hunting birds that _________, using their wings to gain altitude and then _________ on air currents without flapping. Hummingbirds flap their wings as many as ____ times per second, enabling them to _________. Penguins are _____________ diving birds that use the same basic flight stroke to swim. Chickens belong to a group of birds that can fly _________ distances, but are incapable of long flights. Ostriches, emus, and kiwis _________ fly at all. 27

High Metabolic Rate Birds have a system of branching _____ __________ that function with their lungs in respiration. The system of air sacs supplies the ______ levels of oxygen needed to support a high rate of _______________ for the hard-working flight muscles. This high metabolic activity also provides heat for _______________. 28

Respiratory System ________ air sacs Connect to ________ and centers of ________ ________ the bird ________ air always moving No dead ends as in mammals Each wing beat ________ air Never run out of air 29

Circulatory System Bird circulatory systems ______________ deliver oxygen to cells. Like amphibians and reptiles, birds have _______ pathways of blood flow: one from the heart to the _______ and back, and the other from the heart to the rest of the _______ and back. Unlike amphibians and most reptiles, birds have a _______-chambered heart with two separate ventricles that keep oxygen-rich blood from the lungs separate from the oxygen-depleted blood that passes through the heart. 30

Digestive System Crop ____________ Proventriculus Enzymes Grind food Waste Reproduction 31

Vision Up to 8 times _______________ than human vision Each eye moves _________________ 32

Avian Reproduction In the males of species without a ___________, sperm is stored within the __________________ compartment within the _________ prior to copulation. During __________________, the female moves her tail to the side and the male either _________ the female from behind or moves very close to her. He moves the opening of his _________, or vent, close to hers, so that the sperm can enter the female's cloaca, in what is referred to as a cloacal kiss. This can happen very fast, sometimes in _________ than one second.

Avian Reproduction The sperm is __________ in the female's cloaca for anywhere from a ________ to a ________, depending on the species of bird. Then, one by one, ________ will descend from the female's ovaries and become fertilized by the male's ________, before being subsequently laid by the female. The eggs will then continue their ________________ in the nest.

Avian Reproduction Many ______________ and some other birds, such as the ostrich and turkey, do possess a _________. Except during copulation, it is _________ within the proctodeum compartment within the _________, just inside the ______. The avian phallus differs from the mammalian ______ in several ways, most importantly in that it is purely a ____________ organ and is not used for dispelling ______.

Female Fig. 27.25 36

Male

Chicks ________________ No feathers Cannot walk or ______ ___________ feed themselves Down feathers _____ walk and see _____ feed themselves 38

39

Beak Adaptations Also called “_______” Made of ___________ ___________ function in breathing Variety of beak ___________ reflects a wide range of functions Beaks are not used for ___________, though some are used to break food into smaller pieces 40

Beak Adaptations Ripping flesh 41

Beak Adaptations Eating seeds 42

Beak Adaptations Sucking nectar from flowers 43

Beak Adaptations Drilling wood 44

Beak Adaptations Catching fish 45

Beak Adaptations Basket-like bill to hold fish caught under water 46

Beak Adaptations Filtering 47

48

Foot Adaptations Various birds use their feet for _____________, perching on branches, _____________, paddling through water, _____________ food, in defense, and in some __________________ rituals Most bird feet are covered in ________ Most birds have _____ toes on each foot, though the arrangement varies from species to species 49

50

Benefits of Birds to Man ______ insects, rodents and weeds _________ seeds for flowers and trees _________ 51

Fastest Animal Peregrine falcon Strikes prey at _____ mph 52

Bird Classification 28 orders 9600 species 53

Order Anseriformes Flat _______ ______________ feet 54

Order Apodiformes ________ bird ________ wingbeat Hummingbirds 55

Hummingbirds Fly up, down, left, right, ______________ and ____________ down Wings beat _________ times per second Heart rate =_______ bpm Eat _______ body weight each day Nectar, pollen & insects 56

Order Caprimulgiformes Whippoorwills Owl-like ________ and plumage, but weak bill and feet beak with ________ gape ________________________

Order Charadriiformes Short ________ ____________ fliers Shorebirds Gulls 58

Order Ciconiiformes Long ______ for wading Long ________ Chilean Flamingo White Stork Great Blue Heron 59

Order Columbiformes ________ neck ________ legs Pigeons Doves 60

Order Coraciiformes Kingfishers, todies, bee eaters, rollers Large ________, large beak Metallic ___________ Bee Eaters.

Order Cuculiformes Roadrunners, cuckoos Reversible __________ toe Soft, tender _______

Order Falconiformes ___________ bill _________ Eagle Hawk Falcon 63

Order Galliformes Chicken like __________ beaks Heavy ________ Chicken Turkey Pheasants Quail 64

Order Gaviiformes Strong straight ________ ____________ adaptations include legs far back on body Common Loons

Order Gruiforms __________ Birds including cranes, limpkins, rails and coots Sarus Cranes

Order Passeriformes _____________ foot Songbirds ________ species Mocking bird Thrushes Swallows Magpie Crow Starling Jays 67

Order Pelecaniformes ________ sac 68

Order Piciformes Two toes ______________ and two toes ______________ woodpeckers Toucans 69

Order Podicipediformes ________ wings soft and dense plumage Feet _____________ with flattened nails. Western Grebe

Oder Procellariiformes Large ________ glands Long and Narrow Wings Amongst the most severely _______________ taxa worldwide Wandering Albatross – wing span 11’11”

Order Psittaciformes Thick ___________ Hinged and movable _________ beak Bright ________ Parrots Parakeets Scarlet Macaw 72

Order Sphenisciformes _____________ feet Wings as used for _________________ penquins 73

Order Strigiformes Large ________ Silent ___________ ______________ predator Owls 74

Order Struthioniformes Large _________________ bird _____ toes 75

Elephant Bird _________ feet tall ________ pounds Largest egg ever ________ in late 1600’s 76

Giant Moa New Zealand Hunted to extinction about 1600 77

The End Fig. 27.co 78