Leadership versus Management

Definitions Management (hand) = to handle or direct Leadership (to go) = to provide guidance, especially the idea of going ahead (of seeing what lies ahead or visioning) and then guiding people forward

Similarities Influence Require person to work well with others Effective goal attainment

Differences Historical evidence (Ancient Greeks vs. Industrialization) Management developed to address groups of people working together (i.e., organizations) and to enhance goal attainment. Fayol (1916) first identified the primary functions of management as: Planning Organizing Staffing Controlling The study of leadership goes back to Aristotle; whereas management as a concept evolved around the turn of the 20th century and industrialization. Management was developed to rein in the chaos of groups of people attempting to work together (i.e., organizations) and to enhance an organization’s ability to reach its goals effectively and efficiently.

Kotter’s Differences Kotter (1990) argues quite dissimilar Management’s main function is to produce order and consistency Planning/budgeting Organizing/staffing Controlling/problem solving Leadership’s main function is to produce change and movement Vision building/strategizing Aligning people/communicating Motivating/inspiring Kotter (1990) argues that management and leadership are quite dissimilar Management’s main function is to produce order and consistency Planning/budgeting Organizing/staffing Controlling/problem solving Leadership’s main function is to produce change and movement Vision building/strategizing Aligning people/communicating Motivating/inspiring

Planning & Budgeting Management Establishes detailed agendas Sets timetables (months to years) Allocates necessary resources to meet organizational objectives Leadership Direction setting (i.e., clarifying the big picture, building a long-term vision Creating and setting strategy for organizational change

Organizing & Staffing Management Structures work of individuals (i.e., establishes job descriptions) Structures relationship of individual to org (rules and regulations) Structures the physical work environment (layout of plant, office assignment, etc.) Leadership Communicating a vision to employees Invoking a commitment Building teams and coalitions to fulfill organizational mission

Controlling & Problem Solving Management Developing incentive systems (pay, awards) Problem solving Monitoring progress toward performance objectives Taking corrective action when necessary Leadership Motivating and inspiring individuals Empowering invididuals Energizing them to meet unmet needs Providing leadership and professional development through above

Evolution of Theories